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Health

This New Covid Vaccine May Carry Hope to the Unvaccinated World

Anfang 2020 versuchten Dutzende wissenschaftlicher Teams, einen Impfstoff gegen Covid-19 herzustellen. Einige entschieden sich für bewährte Techniken wie die Herstellung von Impfstoffen aus abgetöteten Viren. Eine Handvoll Unternehmen setzen jedoch auf eine riskantere Methode, bei der noch nie ein zugelassener Impfstoff hergestellt wurde: den Einsatz eines genetischen Moleküls namens RNA.

Die Wette hat sich ausgezahlt. Die ersten beiden Impfstoffe, die aus klinischen Studien von Pfizer-BioNTech und Moderna erfolgreich hervorgegangen sind, bestanden beide aus RNA. Es stellte sich heraus, dass beide Wirksamkeitsraten so gut waren, wie ein Impfstoff nur sein konnte.

In den folgenden Monaten haben diese beiden RNA-Impfstoffe zig Millionen Menschen in rund 90 Ländern geschützt. Aber viele Teile der Welt, einschließlich derer mit steigenden Todesopfern, hatten kaum Zugang zu ihnen, auch weil sie in einem Tiefkühlschrank gehalten werden müssen.

Jetzt kann ein dritter RNA-Impfstoff dazu beitragen, diesen globalen Bedarf zu decken. Ein kleines deutsches Unternehmen namens CureVac steht kurz vor der Bekanntgabe der Ergebnisse seiner späten klinischen Studie. Bereits nächste Woche kann die Welt erfahren, ob der Impfstoff sicher und wirksam ist.

Das Produkt von CureVac gehört zu dem, was viele Wissenschaftler als zweite Welle von Covid-19-Impfstoffen bezeichnen, die die weltweite Nachfrage insgesamt senken könnten. Novavax, ein in Maryland ansässiges Unternehmen, dessen Impfstoff Coronavirus-Proteine ​​verwendet, wird voraussichtlich in den nächsten Wochen eine US-Zulassung beantragen. In Indien testet das Pharmaunternehmen Biological E einen weiteren Impfstoff auf Proteinbasis, der von Forschern in Texas entwickelt wurde. In Brasilien, Mexiko, Thailand und Vietnam starten Forscher Versuche für einen Covid-19-Schuss, der in Hühnereiern in Massenproduktion hergestellt werden kann.

Impfstoffexperten sind besonders gespannt auf die Ergebnisse von CureVac, da die Impfung einen wichtigen Vorteil gegenüber den anderen RNA-Impfstoffen von Moderna und Pfizer-BioNTech hat. Während diese beiden Impfstoffe in einer Tiefkühltruhe aufbewahrt werden müssen, bleibt der Impfstoff von CureVac im Kühlschrank stabil – was bedeutet, dass er die neu entdeckte Kraft von RNA-Impfstoffen leichter an schwer betroffene Teile der Welt liefern kann.

“Es ist weitgehend unter dem Radar verschwunden”, sagte Jacob Kirkegaard, Senior Fellow am Peterson Institute for International Economics in Washington, DC. Jetzt fügte er hinzu: “Sie sehen ziemlich gut positioniert aus, um den globalen Markt aufzuräumen.”

Für den Mitbegründer von CureVac, den Biologen Ingmar Hoerr, ist die Covid-19-Impfstoffstudie des Unternehmens der Höhepunkt einer Arbeit von einem Vierteljahrhundert mit RNA, einem Molekül, das dazu beiträgt, DNA in Proteine ​​umzuwandeln, die die Arbeit unserer Zellen erledigen. Als Doktorand an der Universität Tübingen in den 1990er Jahren injizierte Dr. Hoerr Mäusen RNA und stellte fest, dass die Tiere das von den Molekülen kodierte Protein herstellen konnten. Er war überrascht festzustellen, dass das Immunsystem der Mäuse Antikörper gegen die neuen Proteine ​​bildete.

Hier, dachte Dr. Hoerr, könnte dies die Grundlage für eine neue Art von Impfstoff sein. “Ich dachte, Wow, wenn das beim Menschen so funktioniert, dann haben wir eine völlig neue pharmazeutische Möglichkeit”, sagte er.

Zu dieser Zeit betrachteten nur wenige Wissenschaftler auf der Welt einen RNA-Impfstoff als ernsthafte Möglichkeit. Aber Befürworter dachten, es könnte die Medizin verändern. Theoretisch könnte man ein RNA-Molekül herstellen, um Menschen gegen jedes Virus zu immunisieren. Sie könnten sogar in der Lage sein, einen RNA-Impfstoff zur Heilung von Krebs zu entwickeln, wenn Sie ein RNA-Molekül herstellen könnten, das ein Tumorprotein codiert.

Im Jahr 2001 war Dr. Hoerr Mitbegründer von CureVac, um der Idee nachzujagen. In den ersten Jahren kämpfte das Unternehmen jedoch ums Überleben. Um das Licht an zu halten, wurden Aufträge von anderen Labors für maßgeschneiderte RNA-Moleküle entgegengenommen. Nebenbei bastelten die Wissenschaftler von CureVac an ihren eigenen Entwürfen für RNA-Impfstoffe.

Im Laufe der Zeit fanden sie subtile Verbesserungen an RNA-Impfstoffmolekülen, die dazu führten, dass Zellen mehr Proteine ​​produzierten. Je wirksamer die RNA ist, desto niedriger ist die Dosis, die sie für Impfstoffe benötigt.

Die Forscher von CureVac fanden auch heraus, wie die RNA-Moleküle in Fettblasen eingebracht werden können, um sie auf ihrem Weg zu den Zellen vor Zerstörung zu schützen. Und vielleicht am wichtigsten war, dass sie eine Form von RNA verwendeten, die bei relativ warmen Temperaturen stabil bleiben konnte. Anstatt eine Tiefkühltruhe zu benötigen, könnte der Impfstoff von CureVac gekühlt werden.

Mit der Zeit stiegen auch andere Unternehmen in das Geschäft mit RNA-Impfstoffen ein: BioNTech in Deutschland im Jahr 2008, dann Moderna in Boston im Jahr 2011. Ihre Experimente zeigten, dass diese Impfstoffe Tiere vor einer Vielzahl von Viren schützen können. Im Jahr 2013 injizierte CureVac Freiwilligen in der ersten klinischen Studie der Technologie gegen eine Infektionskrankheit einen Tollwut-RNA-Impfstoff.

CureVac und andere RNA-Impfstoffhersteller haben jahrelang daran gearbeitet, ihre Impfstoffe zu perfektionieren. Der erste Versuch von CureVac mit einem Tollwutimpfstoff zeigte, dass er sicher war, aber eine schwache Reaktion des Immunsystems hervorrief. Das Unternehmen hat diesen Impfstoff inzwischen umgerüstet, und die aktualisierte Version hat sich in frühen klinischen Studien als vielversprechend erwiesen. Aber andere Bemühungen scheiterten. Im Jahr 2017 gab CureVac bekannt, dass sein RNA-Impfstoff gegen Prostatakrebs den Patienten keine Vorteile bietet.

Trotz dieser Rückschläge hat sich das Unternehmen einen guten Ruf erworben. “Sie haben die Kriterien für wissenschaftlichen Scharfsinn, Geschwindigkeit, Umfang und Zugang erfüllt”, sagte Nicholas Jackson, Leiter der Impfstoffforschung und -entwicklung bei der Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, einer Stiftung, die die Impfstoffforschung unterstützt. CEPI spendete CureVac 2019 34 Millionen US-Dollar, um die Entwicklung von RNA-Impfstoffen für zukünftige Pandemien zu unterstützen.

Aktualisiert

5. Mai 2021, 15:31 Uhr ET

Als die Coronavirus-Pandemie auftrat, sprangen CureVac, BioNTech und Moderna ein, um RNA-Impfstoffe herzustellen. Aber BioNTech und Moderna haben sich bald durchgesetzt, auch dank tief in die Tasche gesteckter Verbündeter. BioNTech hat sich mit dem Pharmagiganten Pfizer zusammengetan, während Moderna mit den National Institutes of Health zusammenarbeitete und im Rahmen der Operation Warp Speed ​​eine Milliarde Dollar von der US-Regierung erhielt.

CureVac blieb zurück. CEPI stellte dem Unternehmen 15 Millionen US-Dollar zur Verfügung, aber CureVac würde weit mehr benötigen. “Wenn Sie dies tun, brauchen Sie eine beträchtliche Menge Geld”, sagte Franz-Werner Haas, der Geschäftsführer von CureVac, in einem Interview. “Und die beträchtliche Menge an Bargeld war nicht da.”

Im März 2020 berichteten deutsche Zeitungen, dass Präsident Donald J. Trump CureVac 1 Milliarde US-Dollar angeboten hatte, um seine Aktivitäten in die USA zu verlagern. CureVac lehnte die Berichte ab, aber der Geschäftsführer ging plötzlich, um von Dr. Haas ersetzt zu werden.

Die Forscher von CureVac haben ihre begrenzten Ressourcen weiterentwickelt und ein RNA-Molekül entwickelt, das für ein Protein kodiert, das sich auf der Oberfläche des Coronavirus befindet und als Spike bezeichnet wird. Experimente an Hamstern zeigten, dass es die Tiere vor dem Virus schützen kann.

Im Juni investierte die Bundesregierung 300 Millionen Euro in das Covid-19-Research von CureVac, weitere Investoren folgten bald. Nach vielversprechenden Daten aus frühen Sicherheitsstudien startete das Unternehmen im Dezember seine letzte sogenannte Phase-3-Studie, in der 40.000 Freiwillige in Europa und Lateinamerika rekrutiert wurden. Das Unternehmen wird einen ersten Blick auf die Daten werfen, wenn 56 Freiwillige Covid-19 entwickeln. Wenn die meisten von ihnen in der Placebo-Gruppe und nur wenige in der geimpften Gruppe sind, ist dies ein Beweis dafür, dass der Impfstoff funktioniert.

Dr. Haas sagte, er rechne damit, diese Daten bis Mitte Mai zu haben. Es gibt keine Möglichkeit, im Voraus zu wissen, wie es CureVac ergeht. Angesichts der Leistung anderer RNA-Impfstoffe und der frühen Ergebnisse von CureVac haben einige Wissenschaftler hohe Erwartungen.

“Ich wäre nur wirklich überrascht, wenn es nicht gut funktionieren würde”, sagte John Moore, Virologe bei Weill Cornell Medicine in New York, der mit CureVac an einem RNA-basierten Impfstoff gegen HIV zusammengearbeitet hat

Dennoch steht der Impfstoff von CureVac vor einer Herausforderung, die Pfizer und Moderna nicht hatten: neue Varianten, die möglicherweise seine Wirksamkeit beeinträchtigen können. Experimente an Mäusen haben gezeigt, dass der Impfstoff gut gegen die B.1.351-Variante wirkt, die erstmals in Südafrika aufgetaucht ist.

Im vergangenen Jahr hat CureVac mit einer Reihe großer Unternehmen zusammengearbeitet, um die Produktion seines Covid-Impfstoffs zu steigern, falls die klinischen Studien gut verlaufen sollten. Das Unternehmen verhandelte außerdem mit der Europäischen Union einen Vertrag über 225 Millionen Dosen sowie die Option, in den folgenden Monaten weitere 180 Millionen Dosen hinzuzufügen.

Jetzt ist jedoch nicht klar, wer den CureVac-Impfstoff erhalten könnte, wenn er nächsten Monat verfügbar sein wird. Im Januar erteilte die Europäische Union einem Impfstoff von AstraZeneca die Notfallgenehmigung und plante, sich für den größten Teil seiner Versorgung auf dieses Unternehmen zu verlassen. Aber AstraZeneca blieb drastisch hinter seinen Lieferversprechen zurück und veranlasste den Block, sich mit einer Klage zu rächen.

Im April hat die Europäische Union dieses Defizit endgültig behoben und mit Pfizer und BioNTech verhandelt, um bis 2023 1,8 Milliarden Dosen ihres Impfstoffs zu erhalten. Aufgrund dieser Vereinbarung haben sich Analysten gefragt, wie viel Nachfrage nach CureVac noch bestehen wird.

“Sie werden das Boot auf den großen Märkten der fortgeschrittenen Wirtschaft vermissen”, sagte Dr. Kirkegaard. “Die USA, Europa und Japan werden mit diesen Moderna- und Pfizer-Impfstoffen weitgehend geimpft.”

Dr. Haas konterte, dass die meisten Dosen des Blocks von Pfizer-BioNTech erst im nächsten Jahr kommen werden. “CureVac sieht sich als wichtiger Akteur bei der Beendigung der Covid-19-Pandemie in Europa und anderswo”, sagte er.

CureVac wird aber auch mit einem weltweiten Mangel an Rohstoffen zu kämpfen haben, die für RNA-Impfstoffe benötigt werden. Das Defizit ist für das Unternehmen besonders akut, da die Importe aus den USA durch das Defence Production Act begrenzt sind. Im Gegensatz zu Pfizer-BioNTech oder Moderna verfügt CureVac über keine US-Einrichtungen.

“Das US Defence Production Act war ein Faktor, der unseren Zugang zu einigen Materialien und Vorräten beeinflusste”, sagte Dr. Haas. “Wir gehen jedoch derzeit nicht davon aus, dass dies unsere Produktionsprognosen für den Rest des Jahres 2021 und darüber hinaus wesentlich beeinflussen wird.”

Ursula von der Leyen, Präsidentin der Europäischen Kommission, sagte, wenn der CureVac-Impfstoff funktionieren würde, wäre er dank zweier Vorteile in der Mischung: Es handelt sich um einen mRNA-Impfstoff, der in Europa hergestellt wurde. Es ist auch möglich, dass einzelne europäische Nationen Nebengeschäfte mit dem Unternehmen abschließen.

Milliarden anderer Menschen in Ländern mit niedrigem und mittlerem Einkommen haben noch keinen Impfstoff erhalten, und Experten sagen, dass CureVac einen Teil ihrer Nachfrage befriedigen könnte. “Wir brauchen weltweit immer noch viel Impfstoff”, sagte Florian Krammer, Virologe an der Icahn School of Medicine am Mount Sinai in New York. “Ich denke, viele Menschen können davon profitieren.”

Die Impfstoffe von Moderna und Pfizer-BioNTech sind in Entwicklungsländern aufgrund der zum Einfrieren dieser Impfstoffe erforderlichen Ausrüstung und Stromversorgung nur schwer zu vertreiben. Der RNA-Impfstoff von CureVac kann bei 41 Grad Fahrenheit mindestens drei Monate lang stabil bleiben und vor der Verwendung 24 Stunden lang bei Raumtemperatur stehen.

“Die Stabilität ist ein echter Vorteil”, sagte Dr. Jackson. CEPI befindet sich “in sehr aktiven Gesprächen” mit CureVac über die Verteilung des Impfstoffs des Unternehmens über Covax, eine Initiative zur Verteilung von Impfstoffen an Länder mit niedrigem und mittlerem Einkommen.

CureVac entwickelt aber auch eine neue Generation von Impfstoffen mit dem Ziel, schließlich auf den Märkten in den USA und anderen reichen Ländern Fuß zu fassen. Da für seine potente RNA nur eine geringe Dosis erforderlich ist, könnte das Unternehmen möglicherweise Impfstoffe für verschiedene Varianten herstellen und diese in einem einzigen Schuss mischen.

Solche Möglichkeiten sind jedoch bedeutungslos, bis CureVac nachweisen kann, dass sein Impfstoff funktioniert. Mary Warrell, eine Impfstoffforscherin an der Universität von Oxford, zögert, vor diesem Meilenstein über das Schicksal des Impfstoffs zu spekulieren.

“Vorhersagen während dieser Pandemie waren selten rentabel”, warnte sie.

Matina Stevis-Gridneff trug zur Berichterstattung bei.

Categories
Business

Why Covid vaccine producer India faces main scarcity of doses

People aged 18 and over waiting to be vaccinated against Covid-19 at a vaccination center on the Radha Soami Satsang site operated by BLK Max Hospital on May 4, 2021 in New Delhi, India.

Hindustan Times | Hindustan Times | Getty Images

With the devastating second wave of the coronavirus pandemic in India, questions are being asked how the country where the world’s largest vaccine maker is based got to this tragic point.

India continues to report massive numbers of new infections. Tuesday passed the grim milestone of having reported over 20 million Covid cases and at least 226,188 people have died from the virus, although the reported death toll is believed to be lower than the real death toll.

Meanwhile, India’s vaccine program is struggling to make an impact and supplies are problematic, despite the country halting vaccine exports in March to focus on domestic vaccination.

The sharp rise in infections in India since February has been attributed to permission for a major religious festival and election campaigns, as well as the spread of a more contagious variant of the virus. Prime Minister Narendra Modi and his ruling Bharatiya Janata party have been criticized for a lack of caution and willingness, and accused of placing politics and campaigning above public safety.

There was also a war of words over the government’s vaccination strategy. The ruling legislature has been criticized for allowing millions of cans to be exported earlier this year.

So far India has administered around 160 million doses of a coronavirus vaccine (the predominant shots used are the AstraZeneca vaccine, made locally as Covishield, as well as a domestic vaccine developed by Bharat Biotech called Covaxin). Russian vaccine Sputnik V was approved for use in April and the first batch of doses arrived in early May, although it has not yet been used.

So far, only 30 million people in India have received full two doses of a Covid vaccine, government data shows. That is a small number (just over 2 %%) of India’s total population of 1.3 billion people – although around a quarter of that population is under the age of 15 and as such cannot yet receive a vaccine.

As of May 1, everyone aged 18 and over has been eligible for a Covid vaccine, although this expansion of the vaccination program has been hampered by dose constraints across the country reported by national media across the country.

People get their Covid-19 vaccines from medical professionals at a vaccination center set up in the classroom of a state school in New Delhi, India on May 4, 2021.

Getty Images | Getty Images News | Getty Images

Dr. Chandrakant Lahariya, a New Delhi-based doctor who is also an expert on vaccines, public policy and health systems, told CNBC on Wednesday that India’s large adult population is making vaccination efforts difficult.

“Even if the proposed supply was available, India opened vaccination to a far larger population than any vaccine framework can possibly expect. This is essentially the result of limited supply and a vaccination policy that ignores supply becomes.” No forward planning could have ensured the kind of care that is needed now with the opening of vaccination for 940 million people in India, “he said.

It is “unlikely that vaccine supplies will change drastically,” Lahariya said. “India takes between 200 and 250 million doses per month to reach full capacity of the Covid-19 vaccine engines and it has around 70 to 80 million doses per month. It is clear that there is a long way to go to get these Kind of care to achieve. ” ,” he noticed.

Vaccine wars

The shortcomings in vaccine supply have inevitably led to a diversion of blame with vaccine manufacturers in the line of fire. Questions about vaccine prices, production capacity and the destination of shipments have preoccupied the world’s largest vaccine manufacturer, Serum Institute of India, and Bharat Biotech, the Hyderabad-based pharmaceutical company that makes Covaxin.

Both had criticized their vaccine price structures (i.e. different prices for doses intended for central government, state governments and private hospitals), which prompted the CEO of the SII to lower prices later as part of a public backlash.

Adar Poonawalla, CEO of the SII, which makes the Covid vaccine developed by AstraZeneca and Oxford University, said Sunday the institute had been blamed for a vaccine shortage and scapegoated by politicians, but said it was due to capacity an initial did not increase sooner lack of orders.

“I have been a very unfair and unjustified victim,” he told the Financial Times on Monday, adding that he had not increased capacity earlier because “there were no orders, we didn’t think we were more than 1 billion Doses a year. “

Poonawalla noted that the Indian government ordered 21 million doses of Covishield from the Serum Institute in late February, but did not specify when or if it would buy more, and ordered an additional 110 million doses in March as infections began to rise.

People wearing protective face masks wait to receive a dose of Covishield, a coronavirus vaccine made by the Serum Institute of India, at a vaccination center in New Delhi, India on May 4, 2021.

Anadolu Agency | Anadolu Agency | Getty Images

Poonawalla said Indian authorities did not expect to face a second wave of cases and, as such, were not prepared for the onslaught of new infections in late winter.

He said the shortage of vaccine doses in the country will continue until July, when production is expected to increase from around 60 to 70 million doses per month to 100 million.

For its part, the Indian government insists on ordering more vaccines to meet demand. On Monday the government issued a statement rejecting media reports claiming it had not placed new orders for Covid vaccines since March, stating that “these media reports are completely false and not based on facts” . It said it had provided money to both SII and Bharat Biotech for vaccines, which are due to be delivered in May, June and July.

On Tuesday, Poonawalla issued a statement attempting to calm tensions between the government and SII. He stated that “the production of vaccines is a specialized process and it is therefore not possible to ramp up production overnight”.

“We also need to understand that India’s population is huge and it is not an easy task to produce enough doses for all adults … We have been working with the Indian government since April last year. We have all kinds of support, be it scientific , regulatory and financial, “he said. Poonawalla said the SII has received total orders over 260 million cans without disclosing buyers.

When asked if the government had misunderstood its approach to vaccine sourcing and production, Lahariya noted that the government had become complacent, even though it was difficult to predict the course of the pandemic.

“To be fair, I think there were two surprises. Unlike a year ago when the availability of Covid-19 vaccines was projected around mid-2021, the vaccine became available a little earlier. Second, the lull in Covid-19- Cases in India has ceased complacency at all levels, “he noted. Lahariya added that many months were spent prioritizing the target population for vaccination, then opening the program “too early” to all adults.

“It was an issue of hasty and arguably politically influenced planning, while it was essentially supposed to be a public health decision. So a written plan detailing various aspects, such as the forecast of care, could have made all the difference. “

Modi’s future

How the vaccination strategy will affect Modi’s ratings over the long term remains to be seen. However, there is already evidence that Modi’s ruling BJP will have to pay for the Covid crisis in the elections.

Modi’s party failed to win the key state of West Bengal in a regional election last weekend and failed to win three other state elections in April, despite retaining power in the state of Assam.

Dr. Manali Kumar of the Department of Political Science at the University of St. Gallen in Switzerland noted: “This second wave is a disaster caused by the complacency of the Indian government, which is now preoccupied with controlling the narrative rather than addressing the problem. ” “”

“Perhaps the worst disaster currently unfolding in India could have been avoided if restrictions on public and private gatherings had remained in place,” she noted, adding that “decades of neglect of investment in health infrastructure and an electorate Those who did not do this are also to blame for prioritized public services. “

Prime Minister Modi defended the government’s vaccination strategy, telling ministers in April that “those who are in the habit of politics (playing) allow it … I have received various allegations. We cannot stop those who do this to do.” We really want to serve humanity, which we will continue to do, “he said, the Times of India reported.

He also noted that an earlier peak of infections had been controlled this past September at a time when vaccines were not available and cases and mass tests were being tracked and followed.

Categories
Health

Pfizer Will Search Approval to Give Covid Vaccine to Youngsters

Pfizer is expected to apply to the Food and Drug Administration for emergency clearance to administer its coronavirus vaccine to children ages 2-11 in September, the company told Wall Street analysts and reporters on Tuesday during its quarterly call for profits.

The company also plans to file for full approval of the vaccine this month for people ages 16 to 85. Clinical study data on the safety of his vaccine in pregnant women should be available by early August.

The Pfizer BioNTech vaccine will be given to adults as part of an emergency clearance the companies received in December. Obtaining full FDA approval would, among other things, enable the companies to commercialize the vaccine directly to consumers. The approval process is expected to take months.

“Full approval is a welcome indicator of the continued safety and effectiveness of the Pfizer vaccine,” said Saskia Popescu, an infectious disease epidemiologist at George Mason University, in an email. It could also “build further confidence in the importance of vaccination,” she said.

The Pfizer BioNTech coronavirus vaccine was the first to receive emergency approval in the United States. Emergency permits are temporary and can be revoked once a public health emergency has ended.

Full approval would allow the vaccine to stay in the market when the pandemic wears off. This can also make it easier for businesses, government agencies, schools, and other institutions to request a vaccination. For example, the University of California and California State University school systems have announced that after coronavirus vaccines are fully FDA approved, students, faculties, and staff will need to be vaccinated. The U.S. military, where many troops have turned down coronavirus vaccines, has said it wouldn’t make them mandatory as long as they only have an emergency permit.

The FDA is expected to issue emergency approval early next week to allow the vaccine to be used in children ages 12-15.

White House press secretary Jen Psaki said at a news conference Tuesday that she does not want to be ahead of the FDA but that the government is preparing to “make this available to additional, younger populations.”

Dr. Popescu said the opportunity to allow children in the United States to use the vaccine was both exciting and frustrating. “We have key people around the world who cannot get vaccines and countries that may not have access for a year or more, so we need to add global access to this conversation,” she said.

As of Tuesday, more than 131 million doses of the Pfizer BioNTech vaccine had been administered in the US, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. They make up just over half of all doses administered in the country to date.

Pfizer’s managing director, Dr. Albert Bourla said the company reached out to the FDA on Friday with new data to convince the agency that the vaccine can be stored at refrigerator temperatures and not frozen for up to four weeks. Currently the limit is five days. He said the company was working on an updated version of the vaccine that could potentially be refrigerated for up to 10 weeks and hoped to have supportive data for that by August.

Rebecca Robbins contributed to the coverage.

Categories
Politics

Pfizer Reaps Lots of of Hundreds of thousands in Income From Covid Vaccine

Several factors explain the inequality in Pfizer’s vaccine distribution.

The shot, which must be stored and transported at very low temperatures, is less practical for hard-to-reach parts of the world than other shots such as those from AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson that can simply be refrigerated. Some poor countries were not hit badly by the virus initially, so their governments had less urgency to place orders for the Pfizer vaccine as far as they could afford to pay for the shots.

“Not everyone was interested in the vaccine or willing to take steps. As a result, talks will continue, including working with Covax beyond the original 40 million cans, ”said Ms. Castillo, Pfizer spokeswoman.

In India, where the virus is spiraling out of control, the Pfizer vaccine is not used. The company applied for an emergency permit there, but withdrew the application in February because the Indian Medicines Agency was unwilling to waive the requirement to conduct a local clinical trial. At the time, India’s coronavirus case numbers were manageable and vaccines made locally were considered sufficient.

Pfizer and the Government of India have since resumed talks. On Monday, Mr Bourla said the company would donate more than $ 70 million worth of drugs to India and is trying to expedite vaccine approval.

Pfizer has made public promises to run its business not only for the enrichment of shareholders but also for the betterment of society.

Mr. Bourla, who earned $ 21 million last year, was among the 181 leaders of large companies who signed a 2019 Business Roundtable pledge to focus on a range of “stakeholders” including workers, suppliers and local communities – not just investors.

The financial numbers Pfizer reported Tuesday underestimate how much money the vaccine will generate. Pfizer is splitting its vaccine sales with BioNTech, which will publish its own first quarter results next week. BioNTech announced in March that it had achieved sales of nearly 10 billion euros, or around 11.8 billion US dollars, based on the vaccine orders it had ordered at the time.

Categories
World News

Covid-19 Information: Dwell Updates on Vaccine, Instances and India

Here’s what you need to know:

Credit…Saul Martinez for The New York Times

President Biden will announce Tuesday afternoon that he is directing tens of thousands of pharmacies to offer walk-in appointments for coronavirus vaccine shots, creating more pop-up and mobile clinics and shipping more doses to rural clinics, all aimed at vaccinating 70 percent of American adults at least partially by July 4.

The efforts reflect a shift in strategy by the administration as the pace of the nation’s vaccination effort slows. The federal government has also decided that if states do not order their full allocation of doses in any given week, that supply can be shifted to other states that want more.

In an afternoon address, the president plans to pledge more funding for outreach campaigns designed to convince those reluctant to get shots of the need to protect their own health and that of others. The number of shots administered daily has slowed by about half since a peak in mid-April, despite a flood of vaccine available.

Senior health officials have decided that herd immunity — the point at which the virus dies out for lack of hosts to transmit it — will likely remain elusive. But if the 70 percent to 85 percent of the population is vaccinated, the infection rate will be low enough so that normal life will be within reach, senior administration officials said.

The president will call for about 160 million adults to be fully vaccinated by Independence Day. As of Monday, more than 105 million Americans were fully vaccinated and at least 56 percent of adults — or 147 million people — had received at least one shot. That has contributed to a steep decline in infections, hospitalization and deaths across all age groups, federal officials said.

To increase availability of shots, the White House informed states that if they choose not to order their full allocation of vaccine each week, the doses will go back into a federal pool so that other states can draw on it, according to state and federal officials.

States that do not claim their full allotment one week will not be penalized because they will still be able to request the full amount the next week, officials said.

The shift, reported earlier Tuesday by The Washington Post, makes little difference to some states like Virginia that have routinely drawn down as many doses as the federal government was willing to ship. But it could help some states that are able to use more doses than the federal government allotted to them based on their population. They will now be allowed to ask for up to 50 percent more doses than the government allotted them.

Until now, White House officials had been unwilling to shift doses to states that were faster to administer them out of concern that rural areas or underserved communities would lose out to urban or richer areas where residents were more willing to get shots.

But with the pace of vaccination slowing nationwide, officials have determined that freeing up unused doses week by week will not exacerbate equity issues Some state officials have been arguing for the change for weeks.

United States › United StatesOn May 3 14-day change
New cases 50,058 –26%
New deaths 751 –3%
World › WorldOn May 3 14-day change
New cases 682,232 +6%
New deaths 10,714 +12%

U.S. vaccinations ›

Where states are reporting vaccines given

In Midtown Manhattan last week.Credit…Gabby Jones for The New York Times

Three U.S. states that were once at the center of the pandemic — New York, New Jersey and Connecticut — are taking steps to relax nearly all their coronavirus restrictions, raising hopes among many residents that life is returning to normal, but causing angst for others who are still worried about the virus.

Many people who own or work for establishments that have been hard hit by pandemic closures, like restaurants and bars, nightclubs and cultural institutions, expressed optimism.

But for some others, it may be too soon to celebrate.

Felipe Perez, 48, a construction worker who lives in Brooklyn, said that he did not trust Gov. Andrew M. Cuomo’s move to ease capacity limits for nearly all businesses starting on May 19.

“It’s too fast,” Mr. Perez added.

Mr. Cuomo’s plan says businesses should still abide by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s social distancing guidelines requiring six feet of separation between people.

Businesses that monitor whether everyone inside has been vaccinated or has a negative coronavirus test can allow more people inside, as can restaurants that introduce barriers between tables.

Mr. Cuomo said that the New York City subway, which has been closed nightly to allow for thorough cleaning since last May, will resume operating 24 hours a day on May 17.

About 80,000 municipal workers in the city had already returned to the office when the governor announced the reopening plan.

Mayor Bill de Blasio said on NY1 Monday night that it was time for remote municipal workers to return, even though some may still have concerns about the virus.

Mr. de Blasio said that returning to the office was a necessary step “so we can supercharge this recovery,” adding that the city would continue safety precautions like requiring workers to wear masks in the office.

The mayor said last week that he hoped to reopen the city on July 1, more than a month after the timeline Mr. Cuomo laid out on Monday. The accelerated reopening is the latest in a series of conflicting announcements and political squabbles between the mayor and governor.

“I don’t tend to be surprised by his particular choices lately, let’s put it that way,” Mr. de Blasio said.

Some major employers in the city, like Goldman Sachs and JPMorgan Chase, will require that their employees return to the office this summer.

Other industries were somewhat taken aback by the announcement. New York City’s theaters and arts venues, for instance, will now face pressure to expedite productions and will have to work around the social distancing requirements.

Broadway is not expected to reopen until September, the Broadway League said in a recent statement. Many performing arts organizations are waiting for clarity about seating rules before putting tickets on sale.

Across the Hudson River, Al Pilone, who has owned the Our Hero sandwich shop in Jersey City, N.J., for 40 years, was reluctant to leap back to normal.

Mr. Pilone, 72, said the shop had been operating through most of the pandemic, but that he was wary about resuming indoor dining, which New Jersey establishments have been allowed to do with limitations since last summer.

He said he was waiting until 70 to 80 percent of the population is vaccinated, because “I don’t want to subject the staff to anybody if I don’t know they’ve vaccinated.”

According to a New York Times database, the average number of new cases reported daily has dropped by 44 percent or more in all three states over the past two weeks, as of Monday, and more than one-third of each state’s population has been fully vaccinated.

Still, experts have warned that in New York, and some other major cities, the slowing pace of vaccinations, the prevalence of undervaccinated areas and the spread of worrisome variants mean that the pandemic is far from over, and that reopening might be premature.

“It just seems poorly thought through, and almost a little reckless,” Dr. Denis Nash, an epidemiologist at the City University of New York, said Monday.

In the nation’s other large cities, plans for reopening have been mixed amid shifting case counts as vaccinations roll out.

In Chicago, where Mayor Lori Lightfoot announced on Tuesday that she plans to fully reopen the city by July 4, officials already have relaxed many restrictions on restaurants, churches, bars and other indoor gatherings, and allowed popular street festivals to resume this summer.

In Los Angeles, restrictions on restaurants were loosened early last month, and in Anaheim, Disneyland reopened on Friday. And that other symbol of California life seems to have returned as well: Traffic is back on the highways.

But in Seattle’s King County, where restaurants and other businesses are still under orders to have a maximum capacity of 50 percent, state leaders are considering a plan to restore more restrictions on Tuesday amid a rise in coronavirus cases and hospitalizations.

Reporting was contributed by Nate Schweber, Kevin Armstrong, Winnie Hu, Luis Ferré-Sadurní Kate Kelly, Julie Bosman, Manny Fernandez and Mike Baker.

A Covid-19 patient receives oxygen in a parked car while waiting for a hospital bed to become available in New Delhi, as a volunteer checks her oxygen saturation level.Credit…Atul Loke for The New York Times

India on Tuesday passed the milestone of 20 million reported coronavirus cases, with many more undetected, according to experts, spurring new calls for a national lockdown.

With those reported numbers, India became the second country after the United States to cross 20 million infections. Although aid has begun to pour in from other countries, hospitals are still unable to help many of those who are critically ill, and families have been left to hunt for much-needed oxygen.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi has been sharply criticized by many for underplaying the virus earlier this year, and on Tuesday the opposition leader Rahul Gandhi said a national lockdown was desperately needed, calling it “the only option.”

Mr. Gandhi accused the authorities of helping the virus spread. “A crime has been committed against India,” he wrote on Twitter.

Mr. Modi has been reluctant to impose strict nationwide lockdown measures like the ones last spring, which remained in place for months.

While experts say that the lockdown helped reduce the number of cases in the first wave of the pandemic, it also triggered the biggest internal migration since the partition of the country in 1947. Millions of workers fled the cities, dealing a blow to the economy.

The economy had been recovering in recent months, but the current wave of disease has dampened hopes for a full recovery, and Mr. Modi asked states to consider lockdowns as “a last option.” Many states, including some governed by Mr. Modi’s party and its allies, have issued stay-at-home orders.

The regional authorities in Bihar in eastern India on Tuesday ordered a two-week lockdown. The southern state of Kerala also announced restrictions this week. The states of Maharashtra, Delhi and Karnataka already have lockdowns, and many states have weekend and night curfews.

Amid the scramble to try to contain the virus, the Indian Premier League announced on Tuesday that it was suspending all the remaining matches of the season after several players and staff tested positive. The league had drawn intense criticism for going ahead with its matches in cities that have been among the worst hit.

Made up of eight teams, the Indian Premier League is the biggest cricket league in the world.

Since the league’s season started last month, some of the biggest cricket stars have traveled across the country in so-called bubbles and played in empty stadiums. But even the stringent safety protocols couldn’t stop team members from being infected. At least five people on three teams have tested positive. The competition had been scheduled to finish at the end of the month.

“These are difficult times, especially in India and while we have tried to bring in some positivity and cheer, however, it is imperative that the tournament is now suspended and everyone goes back to their families and loved ones in these trying times,” the league said in a statement.

India reported over 368,000 new cases and 3,417 deaths on Monday. It has reported more than 222,000 Covid-19 deaths, although actual figures are most likely much higher.

With aid being shipped from countries like the United States and Britain, there was hope among weary residents that the situation could start easing.

Eight oxygen generator plants from France, each of which can supply 250 hospital beds, were earmarked for six hospitals in Delhi and one each in Haryana and Telangana, states in northern and southern India. One of the generators was installed at the Narayana hospital in Delhi within hours of being delivered, according to The Times of India. Italy has also donated an oxygen generation plant and 20 ventilators.

As criticism has mounted over the delay in dispatching oxygen concentrators and other equipment, the government announced on Monday that it was waiving all duties and taxes on lifesaving equipment and relief material that had been donated. But the authorities have faced calls for more transparency on the deployment of the international aid shipments.

The Indian Red Cross receives all shipments that arrive by air, then hands them over to a government agency in charge of distributing the supplies based on regional requests. The authorities have released a list of hospitals that received aid shipments, but did not specify which equipment was going where.

Keidy Ventura, 17, received a dose of the Pfizer coronavirus vaccine in West New York, N.J., last month.Credit…Seth Wenig/Associated Press

Medical experts welcomed the news that the Pfizer-BioNTech Covid vaccine could be authorized by the Food and Drug Administration for use in adolescents ages 12 to 15 by early next week, a major step forward in the U.S. vaccination campaign.

Vaccinating children is key to raising the level of immunity in the population, experts say, and to bringing down the numbers of hospitalizations and deaths. And it could put school administrators, teachers and parents at ease if millions of adolescent students soon become eligible for vaccinations before the next academic year begins in September.

Pfizer’s trial in adolescents showed that its vaccine was at least as effective in them as it was in adults. The F.D.A. is preparing to add an amendment covering that age group to the vaccine’s existing emergency use authorization by early next week, according to federal officials familiar with the agency’s plans who were not authorized to speak publicly.

Dr. Ashish K. Jha, dean of the Brown University School of Public Health and the father of two adolescent daughters, said the approval would be a big moment for families like his.

“It just ends all concerns about being able to have a pretty normal fall for high schoolers,” he said. “It’s great for them, it’s great for schools, for families who have kids in this age range.”

This is big. FDA set to authorize Pfizer for 12-15 year-olds. Soon

About 16 million humans in this age group in US

Getting them vaccinated will help US effort to get high levels of population immunity

I have 2 such humans at home ready to get the shothttps://t.co/aXjYxE8ddL

— Ashish K. Jha, MD, MPH (@ashishkjha) May 3, 2021

But with demand for vaccines falling among adult Americans — and much of the world clamoring for the surplus of American-made vaccines — some experts said the United States should donate excess shots to India and other countries that have had severe outbreaks.

“From an ethical perspective, we should not be prioritizing people like them over people in countries like India,” Dr. Rupali J. Limaye, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who studies vaccine use, said of adolescents.

Dr. Jha said that the United States now had a big enough vaccine supply to both inoculate younger Americans and aid the rest of the world. As of Monday, the United States had about 65 million doses delivered but not administered, including 31 million doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine, according to figures collected by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

More than 105 million adults in the United States have been fully vaccinated. But the United States is in the middle of a delicate and complex push to reach the 44 percent of adults who have not yet received even one shot.

While adolescents so far appear to be mostly spared from severe Covid-19, Dr. Anthony S. Fauci, the Biden administration’s top Covid adviser, has repeatedly stressed the importance of expanding vaccination efforts to include them and even younger children. In March, Dr. Fauci said that he expected that high schoolers could be vaccinated by fall and elementary school students by early 2022.

Dr. Richard Malley, a pediatric infectious disease specialist at Boston Children’s Hospital, said that immunizing adolescents was worthwhile because they can spread the virus, even if they transmit it at a lower rate than adults.

A group of activists gathered outside City Hall to call for an extension of the moratorium on evictions and for a roll back of the city’s rents for tenants in New York on Monday.Credit…Justin Lane/EPA, via Shutterstock

New York State lawmakers on Monday passed legislation that would extend a statewide moratorium on residential and commercial evictions through Aug. 31.

The extension would provide additional relief for tenants, who have had broad protection from being taken to housing court since the start of the pandemic, just as New York is expected to start distributing $2.4 billion in rental assistance to struggling renters.

That financial aid will provide up to a year’s worth of unpaid rent and utilities, a financial lifesaver for not just tenants but also their landlords, many of whom have endured more than a year of little income.

Together, the moratorium extension and rental assistance comes just as New York State, along with New Jersey and Connecticut, announced plans to lift almost all their pandemic restrictions later this month, offering a chance to boost the economy a year after the region became a center of the pandemic.

The state’s eviction moratorium would extend the state’s previous protections, which expired on May 1, and goes further than the nationwide moratorium, which expires on June 30 and were imposed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

The new state eviction order would go into effect once Governor Andrew M. Cuomo signs it into law.

Since the start of the pandemic, nearly 49,000 eviction cases have been filed in New York City Housing Court, the highest number among any American city, according to the Eviction Lab at Princeton University. While most evictions are on pause, cases can still be filed with the courts.

An analysis of court data shows that the areas in New York City hit hardest by the virus — largely Black and Latino neighborhoods in the Bronx and Queens — have had the highest number of eviction cases. On average, renters owe $8,150 in unpaid rent, the Association for Neighborhood and Housing Development, a coalition of housing nonprofits.

Tenants cannot be evicted if they can show a financial or health hardship because of the pandemic. Lawmakers said that without an eviction moratorium, hundreds of thousands of New Yorkers, if not more, could be at risk of losing their homes.

In addition to protections for renters, the new legislation in New York would also safeguard smaller landlords who have been unable to pay their mortgages, protecting them from tax lien sales or foreclosures. Commercial tenants with fewer than 50 employees can also file a hardship declaration to receive eviction protections.

global roundup

Prime Minister Scott Morrison of Australia spoke to reporters in Sydney last month.Credit…Joel Carrett/EPA, via Shutterstock

The Australian authorities have faced a growing backlash from human rights groups and opposition politicians after they barred Australian citizens stranded in India from coming home, prompted by India’s record-breaking Covid-19 outbreak.

It is a travel ban with no equivalent in other democratic countries. Introduced on Monday and in place until May 15, it wields a possible punishment of up to five years in prison and a fine equivalent to about $50,000 for anyone trying to return from India. It is believed to be the first time that Australia has made it a criminal offense for its citizens and permanent residents to enter.

Michael Slater, an Australian cricket commentator who was in India covering the sport, said in a tweet on Monday that the ban was a “disgrace” and a form of government neglect. “Blood on your hands PM,” Mr. Slater wrote, referring to Prime Minister Scott Morrison.

After the policy was announced, the Australian Human Rights Commission said it raised “serious human rights concerns,” and Tim Soutphommasane, Australia’s former race discrimination commissioner, wrote in The Guardian that the measure “undermines the very status of citizenship.”

On Tuesday, Mr. Morrison said that it was “highly unlikely” that anyone would be fined or go to jail for breaching the ban.

In an interview with the Australian broadcaster 9News, he said that the likelihood of imprisonment under the rule was “pretty much zero” and defended it as a necessary safety measure.

“I’m not going to fail Australia,” Mr. Morrison said. “I’m going to protect our borders at this time.”

In other news from around the world:

  • The European Union’s drug regulator has begun a rolling review of China’s Sinovac vaccine for Covid-19. The European Medicines Agency said on Tuesday that it would review laboratory and clinical-trial data provided by the company until it could determine that the vaccine’s benefits outweighed its risks and if it was fit to receive authorization. The World Health Organization has also been reviewing Sinovac’s vaccine and one manufactured by the Chinese state-owned company Sinopharm, with decisions expected this month.

  • Tourists traveling to Italy won’t need to quarantine starting after mid-May, Prime Minister Mario Draghi announced on Tuesday, anticipating the introduction of a European Digital Green Pass for travelers. Visitors will be able to enter and travel through the country only if they are fully vaccinated or can show a negative PCR test taken in the 72 hours before traveling to Italy. They will still need to respect restrictions like wearing masks and keeping social distance. “We look forward to welcoming you again soon,” Mr. Draghi said at a news conference.

  • After a major dairy product manufacturer in South Korea was accused of deliberately spreading misinformation that one of its drinks could fend off the coronavirus, the chairman and chief executive tendered their resignations this week. Local news media reported that sales of the Bulgaris yogurt drink and stocks for Namyang Dairy Products both soared after a research director claimed at a conference last month that the drink reduced the chances of contracting the coronavirus by more than 70 percent. Korea’s Ministry of Food and Drug Safety accused the company of illegally spreading misleading information, and the police raided Namyang’s headquarters and factory last week.

President Xi Jinping on a screen in Beijing last month. The Chinese government’s aggressive brand of “wolf warrior” diplomacy has drawn criticism from other countries.Credit…Greg Baker/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images

Even in China, where propaganda has become increasingly pugnacious, the display was jarring: A photograph of a Chinese rocket poised to blast into space juxtaposed with a cremation pyre in India, which has been overwhelmed by a wave of coronavirus infections.

“Chinese ignition versus Indian ignition,” the title read.

The image drew a backlash from internet users who called it callous, and it was taken down on the same day by the Communist Party-run news service that posted it. But it has lingered as a provocative example of a broader theme running through China’s state-run media, which often celebrates the country’s success in curbing coronavirus infections while highlighting the failings of others.

Chinese leaders have expressed sympathy and offered medical help to India, and the controversy may soon pass. But it has exposed how swaggering Chinese propaganda can collide with Beijing’s efforts to make friends abroad.

“You’ve had this growing tension between internal and external messaging,” said Mareike Ohlberg, a senior fellow in the Asia Program at the German Marshall Fund in Berlin who studies Chinese propaganda. Ms. Ohlberg said of the Chinese authorities, “They have an increasing number of interests internationally, but ultimately what it boils down to is that your primary target audience still lives at home.”

A woman pleaded for oxygen for her husband at a Sikh temple, in Ghaziabad, India, on Monday.Credit…Adnan Abidi/Reuters

Savita Mullapudi, an international development consultant in Pittsburgh, heard the ping of a WhatsApp message on her phone around 4 p.m. on Thursday. The sender was a former colleague who, like her, was an Indian immigrant who had lived in the United States for years. He had an urgent favor to ask.

With India’s health care system overwhelmed by the nation’s unprecedented Covid-19 surge and hospitals running out of lifesaving oxygen, an Indian charity was scrambling to find oxygen concentrators, which filter oxygen from the air. One manufacturer was based in Pittsburgh. Could Ms. Mullapudi visit the site to vet the equipment?

Like many members of the Indian diaspora who have watched and mobilized from afar as a deadly second wave of the coronavirus has swept across India in recent weeks, Ms. Mullapudi, whose parents and in-laws live there, leapt at the opportunity to help. She called the company a few minutes later but was told the earliest date for a visit was May 8 — far too late.

So Ms. Mullapudi, 44, said she did “the next-best thing.” She asked a few local doctor friends to tap their networks in Pittsburgh and across Pennsylvania for their opinions of the company and the quality of its products.

By 9 a.m. the next day, she had received texts and long emails from medical professionals and hospital executives with “rave reviews” of the manufacturer, she recalled, as well as detailed descriptions of the machines’ electricity costs and how long they lasted.

Credit…Aria M. Narasimhan

“The minute I said ‘India Covid,’ I was inundated with responses,” Ms. Mullapudi said. “These networks of people that we all work with or know as friends just churned it around, and that’s what really gave the organization confidence to go ahead.”

Before noon on Friday, the foundation ordered more than 400 oxygen concentrators to be flown to India. Though Ms. Mullapudi described her role as just “one drop in an ocean,” she acknowledged the profound impact of so many small acts of human kindness in the face of such dire challenges.

“Eventually it’s just people helping people,” she said. “That’s the story of hope.”

Pfizer’s vaccine is disproportionately reaching the world’s rich.Credit…Dado Ruvic/Reuters

On Tuesday, Pfizer announced that its Covid vaccine brought in $3.5 billion in revenue in the first three months of this year, nearly a quarter of its total revenue. The vaccine was, far and away, Pfizer’s biggest source of revenue, report Rebecca Robbins and Peter S. Goodman of The New York Times.

The company did not disclose the profits it derived from the vaccine, but it reiterated its previous prediction that its profit margins on the vaccine would be in the high 20 percent range. That would translate into roughly $900 million in pretax vaccine profits in the first quarter.

Pfizer has been widely credited with developing an unproven technology that has saved an untold number of lives.

But the company’s vaccine is disproportionately reaching the world’s rich — an outcome, so far at least, at odds with its chief executive’s pledge to ensure that poorer countries “have the same access as the rest of the world” to a vaccine that is highly effective at preventing Covid-19.

As of mid-April, wealthy countries had secured more than 87 percent of the more than 700 million doses of Covid-19 vaccines dispensed worldwide, while poor countries had received only 0.2 percent, according to the World Health Organization. In wealthy countries, roughly one in four people has received a vaccine. In poor countries, the figure is one in 500.

Foreign domestic workers waited to be tested for the coronavirus in Hong Kong on Sunday.Credit…Jerome Favre/EPA, via Shutterstock

The Hong Kong government on Tuesday backpedaled from a plan to require coronavirus vaccinations for all foreign domestic workers after several days of sharp criticism from foreign diplomatic missions and some residents, who called the requirement discriminatory.

Officials had announced on Friday that the domestic workers — largely low-paid, female migrants from Southeast Asia who clean, cook and perform other household tasks — would have to be vaccinated in order to renew their employment contracts. The government has not issued vaccination requirements for any other group in the city, including other foreign workers.

But officials said it was necessary after two domestic workers recently tested positive for variant strains of the coronavirus. Sophia Chan, the secretary for food and health, said that because domestic workers had a habit of “mingling” with each other during their time off — which, under Hong Kong law, is only one day a week — the entire group of roughly 370,000 workers was considered high-risk.

Hong Kong’s vaccine uptake has been slow, and none of its major outbreaks of the coronavirus have been attributed to domestic workers gathering on their days off.

The announcement provoked an immediate backlash, with critics alleging that the government was making scapegoats of the domestic workers, who make up about 5 percent of Hong Kong’s population of 7.5 million and have long endured poor treatment.

The consuls general of the Philippines and Indonesia — the two main sources of Hong Kong’s foreign domestic workers — said that if there were vaccination requirements, they should be applied to all foreign workers. The Philippines’ outspoken foreign secretary tweeted that the move “smacks of discrimination.”

The government denied that it was discriminating against the workers, but on Tuesday, Carrie Lam, the city’s chief executive, said that in light of the “discussion and attention” that the plan had elicited, she would ask the labor department to “study the specific situation again” and consult foreign consulates. A decision on the plan would be announced later, she said.

Still, the government has said that all foreign domestic workers who have not been fully vaccinated must be tested for the coronavirus by May 9.

Vaccinations have begun at Castello di Rivoli, a contemporary museum near Turin, Italy. The art installation is a wall painting by Claudia Comte, a Swiss artist.Credit…Alessandro Grassani for The New York Times

These days, visitors to the website of one of Italy’s most renowned contemporary art museums are met with a twofold invitation: “Book your visit in advance” and “Book your vaccination.”

The Castello di Rivoli, once a palace owned by the Savoy dynasty, recently became one of several Italian museums to join the country’s vaccine drive, following in the footsteps of cultural institutions throughout Europe.

With the rallying cry of “Art Helps,” the museum near Turin has set aside its third-floor galleries for a vaccination center run by the local health authorities. During their shots, patients can enjoy the wall paintings by Claudia Comte, a Swiss artist.

Comte worked with the composer Egon Elliut to create a soundscape that evokes “a dreamlike feeling,” the artist said, and lulls vaccine recipients as they move from room to room before and after the shot.

“Art has an extraordinarily important effect on well-being,” said Carolyn Christov-Bakargiev, the museum’s director. She said that she couldn’t have commissioned “a more perfect” backdrop than Comte’s works for a “space to merge the art of healing the body and the art of healing the soul and the mind,” noting that in Italian the words for “to heal” and “curator” came from the same Latin word, “curo.” In history, she said, some of the first museums were former hospitals.

President Samia Suluhu Hassan of Tanzania has taken a different approach from her virus-denying predecessor, stating that the nation could not ignore the pandemic.Credit…Associated Press

Less than two months after Tanzania’s first female president took office, the government on Monday announced new steps to tackle the pandemic, in what could be the start of a shift for the East African nation, whose former leader had denied the seriousness of the virus before he died in March. His political opponents said he had died from Covid, but his government denied it.

Beginning Tuesday, all travelers arriving in Tanzania are required to present proof of a negative coronavirus test taken in the previous 72 hours and must pay for a rapid test after they land, the health ministry said.

The new president, Samia Suluhu Hassan, who was sworn into office in March, formed a committee in her first weeks in office to advise her on the status of pandemic in the country, and the steps needed to keep people safe.

Ms. Hassan, however, has not spoken publicly about whether she supports vaccinations or whether vaccines are even available in the country. She has also drawn criticism at times for not wearing a mask, including at her own swearing-in ceremony, and for addressing large gatherings of unmasked supporters. But she has worn one during foreign trips.

Under the previous president, John Magufuli, Tanzania stopped sharing data about coronavirus cases or deaths with the World Health Organization in April 2020. Ms. Hassan’s government also has not submitted any data to the World Health Organization on new cases and deaths, and has not said if, or when, Tanzania would change course.

Ms. Hassan has stated, nevertheless, that Tanzania could not ignore the virus.

“We cannot isolate ourselves as an island,” she said in a speech last month.

The new measures announced on Monday appear to be focused on stopping coronavirus at the country’s borders. The health ministry said that foreigners arriving from countries with new Covid-19 variants would be placed in a mandatory 14-day quarantine at a government-designated facility, while returning residents would be permitted to isolate themselves in their homes.

Truck drivers crossing borders will be permitted to stop only at designated locations and could be tested for the coronavirus at random while in Tanzania.

The moves signal a departure from the blithe approach taken by Mr. Magufuli, the former president. He long opposed masks and social distancing measures, promoted unproven treatments as cures, argued that vaccines didn’t work and declared that God had helped Tanzania eradicate the virus.

Two weeks before he died, Mr. Magufuli changed course and told citizens to take precautions against the virus, including wearing masks and observing social distancing.

Cafes and restaurants have reopened in Greece for sit-down service for the first time in nearly six months.Credit…Petros Giannakouris/Associated Press

Greece has reopened to many overseas visitors, including from the United States, jumping ahead of most of its European neighbors in restarting tourism, even as the country’s hospitals remain full and more than three-quarters of Greeks are still unvaccinated.

It’s a big bet, but given the importance of tourism to the Greek economy — the sector accounts for one quarter of the country’s work force and more than 20 percent of gross domestic product — the country’s leaders are eager to roll out the welcome mat.

In doing so, Greece has jumped ahead of other European countries. On Monday, the European Commission, the executive arm of the European Union, said it would recommend its member states to allow visitors who have been vaccinated. But it remains up to individual countries to set up their own rules.

“We welcome a common position” on restarting tourism in the European Union, Greece’s tourism minister, Harry Theoharis, said in an interview. “All we’re saying is that this has to be forthcoming now. We cannot wait until June.”

Park Avenue between 46th and 59th Streets will go through renovation over the next few years, giving the city a unique opportunity to rethink the famed malls.Credit…Oscar Durand for The New York Times

At a moment when the pandemic has unleashed demand for open space, plans could transform the medians of Park Avenue in Manhattan and restore them to their original splendor.

Among the options New York City is considering: bringing back chairs and benches, expanding the median, eliminating traffic lanes and carving out room for bike and walking paths.

The revamping of Park Avenue is being driven by a major transit project below ground. A cavernous shed used by Metro-North commuter trains that travel in and out of Grand Central Terminal is over a century old and in need of major repairs.

The work requires ripping up nearly a dozen streets along Park Avenue, from East 46th to East 57th Streets, making possible a new vision.

Removal of traffic lanes is likely to elicit backlash from drivers who complain that pedestrian plazas and bike lanes across the city have made it difficult to get around.

But others say the city would be more livable with fewer cars, making streets safer for pedestrians and bicyclists as well as polluting less.

Categories
Health

Biden Confronts Coronavirus Vaccine Patents

WASHINGTON – President Biden is under increasing pressure from the international community and his party’s left flank to improve vaccine supplies by easing the protection of patonavirus vaccines through patents and intellectual property in the face of the escalating Covid-19 crisis in India and South America commit.

Pharmaceutical and biotech companies, which were also under pressure, tried on Monday to prevent such a move, which could detract from future profits and jeopardize their business model. Pfizer and Moderna, two major vaccine manufacturers, each announced steps to expand the supply of vaccines around the world.

The issue came to a head when the General Council of the World Trade Organization, one of its highest decision-making bodies, met on Wednesday and Thursday. India and South Africa are pressing for the panel to renounce an international intellectual property treaty protecting the trade secrets of pharmaceuticals. The United States, Britain and the European Union have so far blocked the plan.

In the White House, the president’s health advisors admit they’re divided. Some say Mr. Biden has a moral imperative to act and that it is bad policy for the president to side with the pharmaceutical executives. Others say spilling closely guarded but highly complex trade secrets would do nothing to expand the global vaccine supply.

Having the prescription for a vaccine doesn’t mean a drug company could make it, especially not quickly, and opponents argue that such a move would harm innovation and entrepreneurship – and harm America’s pharmaceutical industry. Instead, it is said, Mr. Biden can address global needs in other ways, such as by urging companies that own patents to donate large quantities of vaccines or sell them at cost.

“That would be a terrible precedent for the industry,” said Geoffrey Porges, an analyst at investment bank SVB Leerink. “It would be extremely counterproductive in the extreme because what it would tell the industry is, ‘Don’t work on something that is really important to us because if you do, we’ll just take it away from you. ‘”

Dr. Anthony S. Fauci, Mr. Biden’s senior medical advisor for the pandemic, said in an interview Monday that drug manufacturers must act themselves, either by significantly expanding their manufacturing capacity to serve other nations at “an extremely reduced price” , or by transferring their technology to make cheap copies in the developing world. He said he was agnostic about giving up.

“I always respect the needs of companies to protect their interests in order to keep them in business, but we cannot do this fully if we don’t allow life-saving vaccines to get to the people who need them,” said Dr. Fauci, adding, “You can’t let people around the world die because they don’t have access to a product that rich people have access to.”

For Mr Biden, the surrender debate is both a political and a practical issue. As a presidential candidate, he promised liberal health activist Ady Barkan, who suffers from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), that he would be “absolutely positive” for technology sharing and access to a coronavirus vaccine if the US developed one first. Activists plan to remind Mr. Biden of this pledge during a rally scheduled for Wednesday in the National Mall.

“He’s not brave about this,” said Gregg Gonsalves, a Yale epidemiologist who fought similar battles during the AIDS crisis of the 1980s and 1990s and is expected to speak at the rally. “That’s what you said during the AIDS epidemic. Still, the same excuses come from 20 years ago. “

India and South Africa’s proposal would exempt World Trade Organization member countries from enforcing some patents, trade secrets or pharmaceutical monopolies under the agency’s trade-related intellectual property agreement known as TRIPS. The idea would be to allow pharmaceutical companies in other countries to make or import cheap generic copies.

Proponents say the waiver would allow innovators in other countries to pursue their own coronavirus vaccines without fear of patent infringement lawsuits. They also note that the proposed waiver goes beyond vaccines to include intellectual property for therapeutics and medical supplies.

“A lot of people say, ‘Don’t you need the secret recipe? “That’s not necessarily the case,” said Tahir Amin, founder of the Drugs, Access and Knowledge Initiative, a nonprofit dedicated to eliminating health inequalities. “There are companies that feel they can do it on their own, provided they don’t have to look over their shoulder and feel like they are taking over someone’s intellectual property.”

The pharmaceutical industry counters that withdrawing intellectual property protection would not help boost vaccine production. It is said that other issues around the world act as barriers to shooting up, including access to raw materials and distribution challenges in the field.

Updated

May 3, 2021, 8:53 p.m. ET

Just as important as the right to manufacture a vaccine is the technical expertise that must be provided by vaccine developers like Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna – a process known as technology transfer.

Sharon Castillo, a Pfizer spokeswoman, said the company’s vaccine required 280 components from 86 suppliers in 19 countries. They also need highly specialized equipment and employees as well as complex and time-consuming technology transfers between partners and global supply and manufacturing networks.

“We just find it unrealistic to believe that doing without it makes startup easier so quickly that the supply problem can be addressed,” she said.

On Monday, Pfizer CEO Albert Bourla announced on LinkedIn that his company will donate over $ 70 million worth of drugs to India immediately and is also trying to expedite the vaccine approval process in India. The company also posted on Twitter promising “the greatest humanitarian relief effort in the history of our company to help the people of India”.

Moderna, which developed its vaccine with US taxpayer funding, has already announced that it will “not enforce our patents related to Covid-19 against those who make vaccines to fight the pandemic.” But activists are not only calling for a waiver, but also for companies to share their expertise in setting up and running vaccine factories – and for Mr. Biden to rely on it.

More than 170 former heads of state and Nobel Prize winners last month, including Gordon Brown, the UK’s former Prime Minister; Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, the former President of Liberia; and François Hollande, the former President of France, issued an open letter asking Mr Biden to support the proposed waiver.

On Capitol Hill, 10 Senators, including Bernie Sanders, independent of Vermont, and Elizabeth Warren, Democrat of Massachusetts, urged Mr. Biden to “give people priority over pharmaceutical company profits” and to reverse the Trump administration’s opposition to renunciation . More than 100 House Democrats have signed a similar letter.

“This is one of the most important moral questions of our time,” said Representative Ro Khanna, Democrat of California. “Denying other countries the ability to make their own vaccines is just cruel.”

Katherine Tai, Mr. Biden’s sales representative, has held more than 20 meetings in the past few weeks with various stakeholders – including global health activists, pharmaceutical executives, members of Congress, Dr. Fauci and the philanthropist Bill Gates – to find a way forward.

“Ambassador Tai reiterated that the Biden Harris administration’s top priority is to save lives and end the pandemic in the United States and around the world,” Ms. Tai’s office said in a carefully worded statement Monday after she had spoken about the proposed waiver with the government director-general of the World Intellectual Property Organization, an arm of the United Nations.

In a letter to Ms. Tai last month, the Biotechnology Innovation Organization, a trade group, warned against licensing other countries – some of them our economic competitors – to undermine our world-leading biotechnology base, export jobs overseas, and undermine incentives to invest in such technologies in the future. “

One of the pharmaceutical industry’s concerns about a patent waiver for coronavirus vaccines is that a precedent could be created that undermines intellectual property protection for other drugs that are central to making money.

“The pharmaceutical industry is extremely protective of its intellectual property,” said Dr. Aaron Kesselheim, Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital. “This kind of violent resistance is a reflex from the pharmaceutical industry.”

However, it is not seen that such a move would have any impact on intellectual property protection for other treatments after the coronavirus crisis ended in the particular circumstances of the pandemic, industry researchers said.

In the 2000s, a handful of governments, including the Brazilian and Thai, bypassed patents of the developers of antiviral drugs for HIV / AIDS, paving the way for lower-cost versions of the treatments.

However, HIV drugs involve a much simpler manufacturing process than the coronavirus vaccines, especially those using messenger RNA technology that have never been used in an approved product.

On a Twitter thread, Mr. Amin offered another example: In the 1980s, Merck and GlaxoSmithKline had developed recombinant hepatitis B vaccines and had a monopoly of more than 90 patents on manufacturing processes. The World Health Organization recommended vaccination for children, but it was expensive – $ 23 per dose – and most Indian families couldn’t afford it.

The founder of Shantha Biotechnics, an Indian manufacturer, was told that “even if you can afford to buy the technology, your scientists cannot in the least understand the recombinant technology,” wrote Amin.

But Shantha, he added, went on to “make India’s first homegrown recombinant product for $ 1 a dose”. This enabled UNICEF to run a mass vaccination campaign.

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FDA Set to Authorize Pfizer Vaccine for Adolescents by Early Subsequent Week

WASHINGTON – The Food and Drug Administration is preparing to approve the use of the Pfizer BioNTech coronavirus vaccine in adolescents ages 12-15 by early next week, according to federal officials familiar with the agency’s plans, and opens the US vaccination campaign to millions more people.

Some parents have counted down the weeks since Pfizer announced results of its teenage study showing the vaccine was at least as effective in this age group as it was in adults. Vaccinating children is key to increasing immunity in the population and reducing the number of hospitalizations and deaths.

The approval in the form of an amendment to the existing emergency approval for the Pfizer vaccine could come as early as later this week. If so, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s vaccine advisory board is expected to meet the following day to review the clinical trial data and make recommendations on the use of the vaccine in adolescents.

The enlargement would be a major development in the country’s vaccination campaign and welcome news for some parents looking to protect their children during summer activities and before the start of the next school year. This is also another challenge for policy makers who have difficulty vaccinating a large percentage of adults who are reluctant to get the shot. Many more may refuse to vaccinate their children.

Pfizer reported a few weeks ago that none of the adolescents in the clinical trial who received the vaccine developed symptomatic infections, a sign of significant protection. The company said volunteers produced strong antibody responses and had roughly the same side effects seen in people aged 16-25.

Stephanie Caccomo, a spokeswoman for the Food and Drug Administration, said she was unable to comment at the time the agency made the decision.

“We can assure the public that we are working to look into this request as quickly and transparently as possible,” she said.

Over 100 million adults in the US have been fully vaccinated. However, approval would come in the middle of a delicate and complex push to reach the 44 percent of adults who have not yet received a single shot.

With much of the world demanding the surplus of US-made vaccines, the use of the Pfizer BioNTech shot in adolescents will also raise questions about whether care should be targeted at an age group largely spared heavy vaccines seems Covid19.

“I think we need to have a national and global conversation about the ethics of our vaccinated children, who are at low risk of serious complications from the virus, when there aren’t enough vaccines in the world to protect high-risk adults from dying “Said Jennifer B. Nuzzo, an epidemiologist at the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security.

Updated

May 3, 2021, 8:53 p.m. ET

President Biden has come under increasing pressure to shed some of the country’s vaccine supplies. Some federal officials have also urged the government to decide soon how much vaccine is needed so that the doses do not expire or be shipped to the states and not used. The federal government has bought 700 million doses of three state-approved vaccines to be dispensed before the end of July, well in excess of what would be required for any American.

White House officials said last week that the intention is to make up to 60 million doses of the AstraZeneca vaccine available to other countries as long as federal regulators deem the doses to be safe. The vaccine has not yet been approved by American regulators. However, global health groups and public health experts said engagement was not enough.

Dr. Rupali J. Limaye, a Johns Hopkins University researcher investigating vaccine use and reluctance, said the United States should donate any surplus Pfizer BioNTech shots – and any surpluses from other manufacturers – to India and other countries that are had severe outbreaks and asked for help.

“From an ethical point of view, we shouldn’t give people like them priority over people in countries like India,” said Dr. Limaye about teenagers.

If the United States continues its supply of Pfizer-BioNTech, it should be reserved for adults while health officials grapple with the phase of the vaccination campaign that requires more individualized local contact.

“We still have to move past hesitant adults and start at the same time maybe 14 or 15,” said Dr. Limaye. “But the priority should still be adults.”

The current vaccine supply in the United States is substantial. As of Monday, about 65 million doses had been dispensed but not given, according to the CDC, including 31 million doses of the vaccine from Pfizer-BioNTech, nearly 25 million doses from Moderna, and 10 million doses from Johnson & Johnson

The Pfizer and Moderna vaccines each require two doses. Pfizer is approved for ages 16 and up, Moderna for ages 18 and over.

Dozens of millions more Pfizer BioNTech cans – about three weeks long, according to a federal official – have been made and are in various stages of readiness. They wait for the final tests before they are shipped.

Moderna expects results from its own clinical study in adolescents aged 12 to 17 years old soon, followed by results in children aged 6 months to 12 years later this year.

The approval of the Food and Drug Administration should ease the concerns of middle and high school administrators scheduled for the fall. If students can be vaccinated by then, it could lead to more normal gatherings and allow administrators to plan further ahead in the academic year.

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New Jersey to present free beer to Covid vaccine recipients

New Jersey Governor Phil Murphy speaks at a press conference after touring the vaccination site at the New Jersey Convention and Exposition Center Covid-19 in Edison, New Jersey on January 15, 2021.

Mark Kauzlarich | Bloomberg | Getty Images

New Jersey Governor Phil Murphy announced a new offer on Monday to promote coronavirus vaccinations: get your first dose in May and get a free beer.

“We’re not going to be afraid to try new things,” said Murphy as he presented the new program, called “Shot and a Beer”, at a press conference.

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Thirteen New Jersey-based breweries are participating in the program, which Murphy says is only available to citizens 21 and older.

These New Jerseyers must show their vaccination cards as evidence before receiving their reward, the Democratic governor said.

The breweries themselves pay for the cost of the free drinks, said Murphy, who suggested that more beer makers could be added to the list soon.

The breweries currently participating are: Battle River Brewing, Bradley Beer Project, Bolero Snort Brewing Company, Brix City Brewing Company, Carton Brewing Company, Flounder Brewing Company, Flying Fish Brewing Company, Gaslight Brewery and Restaurant, Hackensack Brewing Company, Kane Brewing Company, Little Dog Brewing Company, Magnify Brewing Company, and River Horse Brewing Company.

The program came from the New Jersey Department of Health in association with the Brewer’s Guild of New Jersey.

The Garden State is hardly the first to suggest an incentive for people to get vaccinated.

West Virginia Republican Governor Jim Justice announced an initiative last week to give $ 100 savings bonds to younger citizens who get vaccinated.

Connecticut has its own alcoholic incentive with its “Drinks On Us” campaign: residents who get fully vaccinated and show their vaccination cards at certain restaurants will receive a free drink between May 19 and 31.

Incentive or no, vaccination rates are increasing. More than 29% of the US population is fully vaccinated, and cases and deaths from Covid are declining, according to Johns Hopkins University.

But a significant number of Americans say they are not ready to get vaccinated. A survey by Monmouth University published in mid-April found that roughly one in five Americans said they didn’t get the shot.

This is causing health officials and leaders at all levels of government to urge more people to seek and get their vaccinations.

The “Shot and a Beer” campaign is just part of New Jersey’s broader programs aimed at bringing the state back to a more normal summer as the fight against the pandemic continues.

Murphy announced the free beer plan after detailing the “Grateful for the Shot” initiative, which allows parishioners to walk straight to vaccination sites from church services.

It’s “maybe on the other end of the spectrum” of incentives, Murphy said.

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Covid vaccine is steady at refrigerated temps for three months

Boxes of vials containing the Moderna Covid-19 vaccine will be stored at the Kedren Community Health Center in Los Angeles, California on January 25, 2021.

Patrick T. Fallon | AFP | Getty Images

Moderna said Thursday that its Covid-19 vaccine can remain stable for three months at temperatures in refrigerators, citing new data.

The mRNA vaccine may be stored in the refrigerator between 36 and 46 degrees Fahrenheit for up to 30 days and up to seven months at minus 4 Fahrenheit.

However, Moderna said it had data that could support a three-month refrigerator shelf life for the vaccine.

If the new storage temperature is approved by the Food and Drug Administration, it could “make it easier to distribute to doctor’s offices and other smaller facilities,” the company said.

It also said it is working on new formulations of its vaccine that could extend the refrigerated shelf life of the shots even further.

Moderna’s Covid vaccine is one of three vaccines approved in the United States. Pfizer and BioNTech’s vaccine can be stored in refrigerated temperatures for up to five days, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The Johnson & Johnson vaccine can be stored in a normal refrigerator for up to three months.

For officials, J & J’s approval of the shot has been a boon as it can be used in hard-to-reach places where reliable cooling may not be available, such as in the city. B. in tribal areas, in poorer areas as well as in rural and border communities.

Moderna’s update comes weeks after the FDA announced that it approved the company to expedite the delivery of its Covid vaccine by filling a single vial with up to 15 doses. It was previously allowed for 10 doses, enough to vaccinate five people as the vaccine requires two shots a month apart.

Separately, the company announced on Thursday that it was increasing its minimum target for Covid vaccine production for 2021 from 700 million to 800 million doses.

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AstraZeneca’s vaccine has introduced in $275 million in gross sales to date this 12 months.

The vaccine, developed by AstraZeneca and Oxford University, had sales of $ 275 million from approximately 68 million doses administered in the first three months of this year, AstraZeneca reported on Friday.

AstraZeneca announced the figure, largely from sales in Europe, when it reported its financial results for the first quarter. It offers the clearest overview yet of how much money is being made by one of the leading Covid vaccines.

AstraZeneca, which has pledged not to benefit from its vaccine during the pandemic, sold the shot to governments for several dollars a dose, which is cheaper than the other leading vaccines. The vaccine has been approved in at least 78 countries since December but is not approved in the United States.

The vaccine accounted for nearly 4 percent of AstraZeneca’s sales for the quarter. It was nowhere near the company’s biggest sales driver. By comparison, the company’s best-selling cancer drug Tagrisso had sales of more than $ 1.1 billion for the quarter.

AstraZeneca has announced that it will seek emergency approval to use its vaccine in the US, even though it has become clear that the doses are not needed. The Biden government announced this week that it will be making up to 60 million doses of its range of AstraZeneca shots available to the rest of the world pending a quality review.

If the company gets approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, it could help build confidence in a vaccine whose reputation has been marred by concerns about a rare but serious clotting side effect. The FDA’s assessment process is considered the gold standard worldwide.

Johnson & Johnson, whose emergency vaccine was approved in late February, reported last week that its vaccine had sales of $ 100 million in the United States for the first three months of the year. The federal government pays the company $ 10 per dose. Like AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson is committed to selling its vaccine “at cost” during the pandemic – meaning it will not benefit from sales.

Pfizer and Moderna vaccines cost more, and neither company has announced that it will forego profits. Pfizer expects the vaccine to generate sales of around $ 15 billion this year. Moderna expects sales of 18.4 billion US dollars.

Both companies are expected to publish their first quarter results next week.