Categories
Health

Nationwide Poetry Month: Coping With the Covid-19 Pandemic

Amanda Gorman’s inspired and inspirational poem, which the show stole from President Biden’s inauguration in January, has shown millions of Americans the emotional and social power of poetry and, hopefully, got them to use it themselves.

Diana Raab, psychologist, poet and writer in Santa Barbara wrote on her blog: “Poetry can help us feel part of a bigger picture and not just live in our isolated little world. Writing and reading poetry can be a stepping stone to growth, healing, and transformation. Poets help us see a piece of the world in a way that we may not have had in the past. “

Dr. Rafael Campo, poet and doctor at Harvard Medical School, believes that poetry can also help doctors become better carers, nurture empathy with their patients, and bear testimony of our shared humanity, which he believes are essential to healing. In a TEDxCambridge lecture in June 2019, he said: “When we hear rhythmic language and recite poetry, our body translates rough sensory data into nuanced knowledge – feeling becomes meaning.”

According to Dr. Robert S. Carroll, a psychiatrist from the University of California at Los Angeles, Medical Center, poetry can empower people to talk about taboo subjects like death and dying and enable healing, growth, and transformation.

Regarding the pandemic, Dr. Rosenthal: “This crisis affects more or less everyone, and poetry can help us deal with difficult feelings such as loss, sadness, anger and hopelessness. While not everyone has the gift of writing poetry, we can all benefit from the thoughts that so many poets have expressed beautifully. “

Indeed, the first section of the book contains Elizabeth Bishop’s poem “One Art” about losses that can comfort those who suffer. She wrote::

Even to lose you (the joking voice, a gesture

I love) I won’t have lied. It is obvious

The art of losing isn’t too difficult to master

though it can look like (write it!) like a disaster.

“When people are devastated by casualties, they should be allowed to feel and express their pain,” said Dr. Rosenthal in an interview. “They should be offered support and compassion, and not asked to move on. You cannot force it to close. If people want a shutdown, they will do it in their own time. “

The closure wasn’t a state that Edna St. Vincent Millay, who wrote this, cherished

“Time brings no relief; you all lied

Who told me that time would free me from my pain? “

Dr. However, Rosenthal pointed out that time brings relief to most people, despite what his friend Kay Redfield Jamison wrote in her memoir, An Unquiet Mind. For her, the relief “took up her own and not particularly sweet time”.

I now know that thanks to Dr. Rosenthal can be a literary panacea for the pandemic. They let us know that we are not alone, that others have survived devastating loss and desolation before us, and that we can be lifted up by the images and cadence of the written and spoken word.

Categories
Health

Papua New Guinea (PNG) Covid-19 outbreak, vaccine marketing campaign

A health worker is preparing to test for Covid-19 coronavirus outside a makeshift clinic at a sports stadium in Port Moresby on April 1, 2021.

Gorethy Kenneth | AFP | Getty Images

Misinformation on social media is hindering Papua New Guinea’s vaccination efforts.

According to the PNG’s Covid-19 Response Controller, many people are reluctant to vaccinate as false information about the vaccines is spread even as coronavirus cases increase.

The country reported 1,730 cases and 12 deaths between March 29 and April 4, according to a joint report from the World Health Organization and the PNG’s national ministry of health.

Cases of infection rose again in February, and PNG has reported 7,839 cases so far, data from Johns Hopkins University showed. However, there is consensus that the actual number is much higher, which is masked by low testing capacity and other logistical difficulties.

“We have been lulled into a kind of complacency and false sense of security that we have overcome over this first wave that we feared,” David Manning, PNG’s Covid-19 National Pandemic Response Controller, told CNBC’s Will Koulouris .

Papua New Guinea is located north of Australia and is a heavily forested island country with fewer than 9 million people.

This, of course, is attributed to the hesitation of the vaccine, and you can attribute this to a lack of awareness.

David Manning

National Pandemic Response Controller, Papua New Guinea

The National Capital District, home of PNG’s capital, Port Moresby, has the most reported cases, followed by the western province, which is also where the rate of infection is increasing.

A combination of events – funerals, holidays, and school resumption – resulted in “continuous transmission of the virus,” William Pomat, director of the PNG Institute of Medical Research, told CNBC last week.

Vaccine hesitate

So-called “vaccine nationalism” has made it difficult for small developing countries like PNG to resort to gunfire to vaccinate their populations. Many of them rely on an international vaccination initiative called Covax, but vaccine supply for that program is facing delays from India, which is also struggling to stem an increase in home cases.

PNG ran a vaccination campaign last week using around 8,000 cans of AstraZeneca’s Covid-19 shots donated from neighboring Australia. More cans are expected from China and India in the coming weeks.

The island nation has vaccinated fewer than 600 people so far, which, according to Manning, is way behind schedule.

“Of course, this is attributed to the hesitation of the vaccine, and it can be attributed to a lack of awareness – basically information about whether the vaccine has any side effects and the fake news spread on social media,” he said, adding that vaccine skeptics exert comparatively less pressure in urban areas.

Combating misinformation

Manning said Facebook reached out to PNG and asked how the social network could help dispel some of the misinformation that was spread, but he failed to explain the details of that conversation.

Facebook launched a public awareness campaign in PNG this week to help users identify and combat health misinformation. It runs for five weeks and contains graphics and videos in several languages.

“For this campaign, we will continue to focus our efforts on addressing misinformation related to Covid-19 and vaccines to ensure Papuan New Guineans are able to verify their visibility to official public health resources,” said Mia Garlick , Facebook’s director of public order in Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands said in a statement on Wednesday.

“This campaign complements a call we launched in Papua New Guinea last week
Provide tips to local users on how to prevent Covid-19, “Garlick added.

Stressed health infrastructure

The outbreak puts undue strain on PNG’s already poor health infrastructure.

International organizations like Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) have warned of an impending collapse. According to experts, many frontline health workers who are already few are falling ill with Covid-19.

“If you get sick, no one will stand – not only for Covid, but also for other diseases and so on,” said Pomat of the Institute of Medical Research.

He stated that Covid tests are only done for those who “might show up” (at the) a health facility if they show symptoms and those who volunteer to go inside. “

Even then, hospitals and medical facilities will run out of components needed to perform these tests.

As PNG works with its development partners, including Australia, to ensure the supply of more test kits and components, it has also introduced stricter social restrictions. For example, stores have been asked to deny entry to those who do not wear masks, while travel between provinces is strictly regulated.

Manning said the pandemic response needs to be tailored to PNG’s coastal communities as well as the highland region, where even in the best of times it is difficult to provide health, police or government services.

“So we have now shifted our focus from a national response to a provincial response and are working closely together with the provincial health authorities that are currently inundated with surges, “he said.

Categories
World News

Covid-19 Reside Updates: Vaccines, Instances and Variants

Here’s what you need to know:

Credit…Lynne Sladky/Associated Press

President Biden plans to announce on Tuesday that he is speeding up the deadline for states to make all adults eligible for a coronavirus vaccine — to April 19 — according to an administration official familiar with his planned remarks.

The announcement will come as nearly every U.S. state has already heeded earlier calls by the president to accelerate their timelines for when all adult residents will be eligible to be vaccinated — the vast majority now meeting or beating the April 19 target. On Tuesday, Oregon said those who are 16 or older will be eligible for vaccination on April 19.

Mr. Biden’s newest target comes almost a month after he set an original deadline of May 1 for every state, and a week after he said that by April 19, 90 percent of adults would be eligible for a shot and within five miles of a site.

A White House official said last week that Mr. Biden revised the timeline because states, encouraged by increases in shipments, were ramping up their vaccination programs more rapidly than expected.

Mr. Biden on Tuesday plans to visit a vaccination site at Virginia Theological Seminary in Alexandria, Va., then deliver a speech at the White House on the state of vaccinations across the nation.

The U.S. vaccination campaign has steadily picked up pace: More than three million doses are being given on average each day, compared with well under one million when Mr. Biden took office in January, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Every state has now given at least one dose to a quarter or more of its population. About 62.4 million people — 19 percent of Americans — have been fully vaccinated.

Mr. Biden has said he hopes for 200 million doses to be administered by his 100th day in office, a goal that the nation is on pace to meet. The federal government has delivered about a total of 207.9 million doses to states, territories and federal agencies since last year.

The recent burst in supply has prompted governors to move up eligibility timelines on their own weeks ahead of Mr. Biden’s original May 1 marker.

“Today, we are pleased to announce another acceleration of the vaccine eligibility phases to earlier than anticipated,” Gov. Larry Hogan of Maryland said on Monday, announcing that all Maryland residents 16 or older would be eligible from Tuesday for a vaccine at the state’s mass vaccination sites, and from April 19 at any vaccine provider in the state.

Also on Monday, Gov. Philip D. Murphy of New Jersey said residents 16 or older in his state would be eligible on April 19. Mayor Muriel Bowser of Washington said later on Monday that city residents 16 or older would also be eligible on April 19.

Public health experts have said that the vaccines are in a race against worrisome coronavirus variants that were identified in Britain, South Africa and Brazil. New mutations have continued to pop up in the United States, from California to New York to Oregon.

The shots will eventually win, scientists say, but because each infection gives the coronavirus a chance to evolve further, vaccinations must proceed as fast as possible.

As that race continues, the optimism sown by the steady pace of vaccinations may be threatening to undermine the progress the nation has made. Scientists also fear Americans could let their guard down too soon as warmer weather draws them outside and case levels drop far below the devastating surge this winter.

Cases are now rising sharply in parts of the country, with some states offering a stark reminder that the pandemic is far from over: New cases in Michigan have increased 112 percent and hospitalizations have increased 108 percent over the past two weeks, according to a New York Times database.

The United States is averaging more than 64,000 new cases each day, an 18 percent increase from two weeks earlier. That’s well below the peak of more than 250,000 new cases daily in January, but on par with last summer’s surge after reopenings in some states, like Arizona, where patrons packed into clubs as hospital beds filled up. The United States is averaging more than 800 Covid-19 deaths each day, the lowest level since November.

United States › United StatesOn April 5 14-day change
New cases 76,594 +20%
New deaths 530 –24%
World › WorldOn April 5 14-day change
New cases 505,121 +20%
New deaths 7,565 +11%

U.S. vaccinations ›

Where states are reporting vaccines given

Several businesses in China are offering incentives for those getting inoculated, including this Lego stall outside a vaccination center in Beijing.Credit…Gilles Sabrié for The New York Times

In Beijing, the vaccinated qualify for buy-one-get-one-free ice cream cones. In the northern province of Gansu, a county government published a 20-stanza poem extolling the virtues of the jab. In the southern town of Wancheng, officials warned parents that if they refused to get vaccinated, their children’s schooling and future employment and housing were all at risk.

China is deploying a medley of tactics, some tantalizing and some threatening, to achieve mass vaccination on a staggering scale: a goal of 560 million people, or 40 percent of its population, by the end of June.

China has already proven how effectively it can mobilize against the coronavirus. And other countries have achieved widespread vaccination, albeit in much smaller populations.

But China faces a number of challenges. The country’s near-total control over the coronavirus has left many residents feeling little urgency to get vaccinated. Some are wary of China’s history of vaccine-related scandals, a fear that the lack of transparency around Chinese coronavirus vaccines has done little to assuage. Then there is the sheer size of the population to be inoculated.

To get it done, the government has turned to a familiar tool kit: a sprawling, quickly mobilized bureaucracy and its sometimes heavy-handed approach. This top-down, all-out response helped tame the virus early on, and now the authorities hope to replicate that success with vaccinations.

Already, uptake has skyrocketed. Over the past week, China has administered an average of about 4.8 million doses a day, up from about one million a day for much of last month. Experts have said they hope to reach 10 million a day to meet the June goal.

“They say it’s voluntary, but if you don’t get the vaccine, they’ll just keep calling you,” said Annie Chen, a university student in Beijing who received two such entreaties from a school counselor in about a week.

Millions of people have received the AstraZeneca vaccine without safety problems, but reports of rare blood clots have raised concerns.Credit…Alessandro Grassani for The New York Times

A top vaccines official at the European Medicines Agency said on Tuesday that AstraZeneca’s vaccine was linked to blood clots in a small number of recipients, the first indication from a leading regulatory body that the clots may be a real, if extremely rare, side effect of the shot.

The agency itself has not formally changed its guidance, issued last week, that the benefits of the AstraZeneca vaccine outweigh the risks. It said on Tuesday that its review was ongoing and that it would announce its findings this week. But any further ruling from regulators would be a setback for a shot that Europe and much of the world are relying on to save lives amid a global surge in coronavirus cases.

The medicines agency said last week that no causal link between the vaccine and rare blood clots had been proven. Only a few dozen cases of blood clots have been recorded among the many millions of people who have received the vaccine across Europe.

But the vaccines official, Marco Cavaleri, told an Italian newspaper that “it is clear there is an association with the vaccine.” He said that it would likely remain up to individual countries to decide how to respond, given the variation in supply of Covid-19 vaccines and in the state of the virus.

Those comments represented the first indication from a member of a leading regulatory body that the blood clots could be a genuine, if extremely rare, side effect of the AstraZeneca vaccine. Previously, health officials in several European countries temporarily restricted the use of the shot in certain age groups, despite the European Medicines Agency’s recommendation to keep administering it.

Regulators in Britain and at the World Health Organization have also said that, while they were investigating any rare side effects, the shot was safe to use and would save many lives.

Mr. Cavaleri told the Italian newspaper Il Messaggero that European regulators had not determined why the vaccine might be causing the rare blood clots, which generated concern because the cases were so unusual. They involved blood clots combined with unusually low levels of platelets, a disorder that can lead to heavy bleeding.

The most worrisome of the conditions, known as cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, involves clots in the veins that drain blood from the brain, a condition that can lead to a rare type of stroke.

The clots are, by all accounts, extremely rare. European regulators were analyzing 44 cases of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, 14 of them fatal, among 9.2 million people who received the AstraZeneca vaccine across the continent. Emer Cooke, the European Medicines Agency’s director, said that the clotting cases in younger people translated to a risk for one in every 100,000 people under 60 given the vaccine. Younger people, and especially younger women, are at higher risk from the brain clots, scientists have said.

In Britain, regulators last week reported 30 cases of the rare blood clots combined with low platelets among 18 million people given the AstraZeneca vaccine, which was developed with the University of Oxford. No such cases were reported in people who had received the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine in Britain.

Regulators in Britain have said that people should get the vaccine “when invited to do so.” But British news reports indicated Monday night that regulators were considering updating that guidance for certain age groups.

Monika Pronczuk and Emma Bubola contributed reporting.

The North Koreans at the closing ceremony for the 2018 Winter Games in Pyeongchang, South Korea.Credit…Edgar Su/Reuters

North Korea said on Tuesday that it had decided not to participate in the Tokyo Olympic Games this summer because of the coronavirus pandemic.

The North’s national Olympic Committee decided at a March 25 meeting that its delegation would skip the Olympics “in order to protect our athletes from the global health crisis caused by the malicious virus infection,” according to Sports in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, a government-run website.

It is the first Summer Olympics that the North has missed since 1988, when they were held in Seoul, the South Korean capital.

North Korea, which has a decrepit public health system, has taken stringent measures against the virus since early last year, including shutting its borders. The country officially maintains that it has no virus cases, but outside health experts are skeptical.

North Korea’s decision deprives South Korea and other nations of a rare opportunity to establish official contact with the isolated country. Officials in the South had hoped that the Olympics — to be held from July 23 to Aug. 8 — might provide a venue for senior delegates from both Koreas to discuss issues beyond sports.

The 2018 Winter Olympics, held in the South Korean city of Pyeongchang, offered similar hope for easing tensions on the Korean Peninsula. Kim Yo-jong, the only sister of North Korea’s leader, Kim Jong-un, grabbed global attention when she attended the opening ceremony, becoming the first member of the Kim family to cross the border into South Korea.

Mr. Kim used the North’s participation in the Pyeongchang Olympics as a signal to start diplomacy after a series of nuclear and long-range missile tests. Inter-Korean dialogue soon followed, leading to three summit meetings between Mr. Kim and President Moon Jae-in of South Korea. Mr. Kim also met three times with President Donald J. Trump.

But since the collapse of Mr. Kim’s diplomacy with Mr. Trump in 2019, North Korea has shunned official contact with South Korea or the United States. The pandemic has deepened the North’s diplomatic isolation and economic difficulties amid concerns over its nuclear ambitions. North Korea launched two ballistic missiles on March 25 in its first such test in a year, in a challenge to President Biden.

Since North Korea’s first Olympic appearance in 1972, it has participated in every Summer Games except for the Los Angeles event in 1984, when it joined a Soviet-led boycott, and in 1988, when South Korea played host. North Korean athletes have won 16 gold medals, mostly in weight lifting, wrestling, gymnastics, boxing and judo, consistently citing the ruling Kim family as inspiration.

The Tokyo Games were originally scheduled for 2020 but were delayed by a year because of the pandemic. The organizing committee has been scrambling to develop safety protocols to protect both participants and local residents. But as a series of health, economic and political challenges have arisen, large majorities in Japan now say in polls that the Games should not be held this summer.

Even though organizers have barred international spectators, epidemiologists warn the Olympics could still become a superspreader event. Thousands of athletes and other participants will descend on Tokyo from more than 200 countries while much of the Japanese public remains unvaccinated.

The Australia-New Zealand travel bubble is expected to deliver a boost to tourism and to families that have been separated by strict border closures.Credit…Matthew Abbott for The New York Times

Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern of New Zealand announced on Tuesday that her nation would establish a travel bubble with Australia, allowing travelers to move between the countries without needing to quarantine for the first time since the pandemic began.

The bubble, which will open just before midnight on April 19, is expected to deliver a boost to tourism and to families that have been separated since both countries enacted strict border closures and lockdown measures that have all but eliminated local transmission of the coronavirus.

The announcement came after months of negotiations and setbacks, as Australia battled small outbreaks and officials in both countries weighed testing requirements and other safety protocols.

“The director general of health considers the risk of transmission of Covid-19 from Australia to New Zealand is low and that quarantine-free travel is safe to commence,” Ms. Ardern said at a news conference.

Since last year, Australia has permitted travelers from New Zealand to bypass its hotel quarantine requirements. New Zealand’s decision to reciprocate makes the two countries among the first places in the world to set up such a bubble, following a similar announcement last week by Taiwan and the Pacific island nation of Palau.

Australians flying to New Zealand will be required to have spent the previous 14 days in Australia, to wear a mask on the plane and, if possible, to use New Zealand’s Covid-19 contact tracing app. In the event of an outbreak in Australia, New Zealand could impose additional restrictions, including shutting down travel to a particular Australian state or imposing quarantine requirements, Ms. Ardern said.

She warned that the new requirements would not necessarily free up many spaces in New Zealand’s overwhelmed hotel quarantine system, which has a weekslong backlog for New Zealanders wishing to book a space to return home. Of the roughly 1,000 slots that would now become available every two weeks, around half would be set aside as a contingency measure, while most of the others would not be appropriate for travelers from higher-risk countries, Ms. Ardern said.

Before New Zealand closed its borders to international visitors in March 2020, its tourism industry employed nearly 230,000 people and contributed 41.9 billion New Zealand dollars ($30.2 billion) to economic output, according to the country’s tourism board. Most of the roughly 3.8 million foreign tourists who visited New Zealand over a 12-month period between 2018 and 2019 came from Australia.

Ms. Ardern encouraged Australians to visit New Zealand’s ski areas, and said she would be conducting interviews with Australian media outlets this week to promote New Zealand as a tourism destination.

The bubble would also make it easier for the more than 500,000 New Zealanders who live in Australia to visit their families.

“It is ultimately a change of scene that so many have been looking for,” Ms. Ardern said, addressing Australians. “You may not have been in long periods of lockdown, but you haven’t had the option. Now you have the option, come and see us.”

Fans filled the seats on Monday for the Texas Rangers opening day game in Arlington, Texas, against the Toronto Blue Jays.Credit…Tom Pennington/Getty Images

There was no need to pipe in crowd noise at Globe Life Field on Monday, as the Texas Rangers hosted the Toronto Blue Jays in front of the largest crowd at a sporting event in the United States in more than a year.

From the long lines of fans waiting to get into the stadium to the persistent buzz of the spectators during quiet moments, the game in Arlington, Texas, was a throwback to a time before the coronavirus crippled the country.

“It felt like a real game,” Rangers Manager Chris Woodward said. “It felt like back to the old days when we had full capacity.”

The official crowd of 38,238 fans, which was announced as a sellout, represented 94.8 percent of the stadium’s 40,300-seat capacity. It topped the Daytona 500 (which allowed slightly more than 30,000 fans) and the Super Bowl (24,835), both of which were held in February, as the largest crowd at a U.S. sporting event since the pandemic began last year.

The lifting of capacity restrictions in Texas made the enormous crowd possible. And for Major League Baseball, which claims its teams collectively lost billions during a largely fanless 2020 season, it was a hopeful sign that large crowds can return to all of the league’s games before too long. The open question is whether such events can be safe as the pandemic continues.

M.L.B. requires all fans over age 2 to wear masks at games this season, but a large percentage of the fans in Arlington went maskless. That will undoubtedly raise fears of the event resulting in a spike in coronavirus cases.

A garment worker in Cambodia signaled support for a campaign demanding relief for garment workers who have lost jobs and reform of the apparel industry, including a severance guarantee fund.Credit…Enric Catala/Wsm

Garment workers in factories producing clothes and shoes for companies like Nike, Walmart and Benetton have seen their jobs disappear in the past 12 months, as major brands in the United States and Europe canceled or refused to pay for orders after the pandemic took hold and suppliers resorted to mass layoffs or closures.

Most garment workers earn chronically low wages, and few have any savings. Which means the only thing standing between them and dire poverty are legally mandated severance benefits that are often owed upon termination, wherever the workers are in the world.

According to a new report from the Worker Rights Consortium, however, garment workers are being denied some or all of these wages.

The study identified 31 export garment factories in nine countries where, the authors concluded, a total of 37,637 workers who were laid off did not receive the full severance pay they legally earned, a collective $39.8 million.

According to Scott Nova, the group’s executive director, the report covers only about 10 percent of global garment factory closures with mass layoffs in the last year. The group is investigating an additional 210 factories in 18 countries, leading the authors to estimate that the final data set will detail 213 factories with severance pay violations affecting more than 160,000 workers owed $171.5 million.

“Severance wage theft has been a longstanding problem in the garment industry, but the scope has dramatically increased in the last year,” Mr. Nova said. He added that the figures were likely to rise as economic aftershocks related to the pandemic continued to unfold across the retail industry. He believes the lost earnings could total between $500 million and $850 million.

The report’s authors say the only realistic solution to the crisis would be the creation of a so-called severance guarantee fund. The initiative, devised in conjunction with 220 unions and other labor rights organizations, would be financed by mandatory payments from signatory brands that could then be leveraged in cases of large-scale nonpayment of severance by a factory or supplier.

Several household names implicated in the report made money during the pandemic. Amazon, for example, reported an increase in net profit of 84 percent in 2020, while Inditex, the parent company of Zara, made 11.4 billion euros, about $13.4 billion, in gross profit. Nike, Next and Walmart all also had healthy earnings.

Some industry experts believe the purchasing practices of the industry’s power players are a major contributor to the severance pay crisis. The overwhelming majority of fashion retailers do not own their own production facilities, instead contracting with factories in countries where labor is cheap. The brands dictate prices, often squeezing suppliers to offer more for less, and can shift sourcing locations at will. Factory owners in developing countries say they are forced to operate on minimal margins, with few able to afford better worker wages or investments in safety and severance.

“The onus falls on the supplier,” said Genevieve LeBaron, a professor at the University of Sheffield in England who focuses on international labor standards. “But there is a reason the spotlight keeps falling on larger actors further up the supply chain. Their behavior can impact the ability of factories to deliver on their responsibilities.”

Jon Laster performing on Friday at the Comedy Cellar in Manhattan.Credit…Jeenah Moon for The New York Times

More than a year after the pandemic brought down the curtain at theaters and concert halls around the world, the performing arts are beginning to return to the stage.

A smattering of theater and comedy shows lit up New York stages over the last few days, but next week will see one of the higher-profile arts returns. The New York Philharmonic is scheduled to give its first live performance in a concert hall since the pandemic began: “a musical musing on Goethe,” at the Shed at the Hudson Yards development on April 14.

The reopenings come at a confusing moment in the pandemic. Vaccinations are rising in the United States — Saturday was the first time the country reported more than four million doses in a single day, according to data compiled by The New York Times — but so are case counts.

While new cases, deaths and hospitalizations are far below their January peak, the average number of new reported cases has risen 19 percent over the past two weeks.

Still, performance spaces are carefully starting to welcome audiences, at a fraction of their capacity. There remains much debate over what regulations to impose on attendees. In Israel, concertgoers are required to have a Green Pass, which certifies that they have been vaccinated, though enforcement can be spotty.

In New York, as at the Daryl Roth Theater, an Off Broadway venue, temperatures were checked as a small audience streamed in for an immersive sound performance based on the José Saramago novel “Blindness” — a dystopian tale from 25 years ago whose resonances eerily align with the present. Mayor Bill de Blasio, masked and sneaker-clad, greeted some theatergoers on the sidewalk outside with wrist and elbow bumps.

But that optimism has been tinged with more halting news that underscores how fragile these reopenings are.

The Park Avenue Armory had to postpone one of the most high-profile experiments to bring indoor live performance back to New York. A sold-out run of “Afterwardsness,” a new piece that addresses the pandemic and violence against Black people, was canceled after several members of the Bill T. Jones/Arnie Zane Company tested positive for the virus.

At the Comedy Cellar, a Greenwich Village club that has nursed the early careers of many comics, laughter filled the room for its first show, but reminders of reality were impossible to miss: Performers’ microphones were swapped out between each set, every fresh one covered with what looked like a miniature shower cap.

John Touhey, 27, said that his reason for coming was simple. “Just to feel something again,” he said.California officials have announced guidelines for indoor concerts, theater, sports and other events, which will be permitted beginning April 15. Capacity will be linked to a county’s health tier.

Los Angeles County, for example, on Monday moved into the orange tier, which would allow venues that hold up to 1,500 people to operate at 15 percent capacity, or 200 people. The number rises to 35 percent if all attendees are tested or show proof of vaccination.

In Minneapolis, pandemic-weary music fans may have to wait longer, but the results will be louder. First Avenue, a legendary club, last month booked its first new, non-postponed show since the pandemic began, The Star Tribune reported. The band is Dinosaur Jr., led by J. Mascis, one of the most durable indie rockers of the last 30 years. The show is scheduled for Sept. 14.

“Those people have not been catered for,” said Dr. Raja Amjid Riaz, a surgeon who is a leader at the Central Mosque of Brent in North London.Credit…Andrew Testa for The New York Times

Minority communities in Britain have long felt estranged from the government and medical establishment, but their sense of alienation is suddenly proving more costly than ever amid a coronavirus vaccination campaign that depends heavily on trust.

With Britons enjoying one of the fastest vaccination rollouts in the world, skepticism about the shots remains high in many of the communities where Covid-19 has taken the heaviest toll.

“The government’s response to the Black, Asian and minority ethnic communities has been rather limited,” said Dr. Raja Amjid Riaz, 52, a surgeon who is also a leader at the Central Mosque of Brent, an ethnically diverse area of North London. “Those people have not been catered for.”

As a result, communities like Brent offer fertile ground for the most outlandish of vaccine rumors, from unfounded claims that they affect fertility to the outright fabrication that shots are being used to inject microchips.

With the government seen as still disengaged in Black, Asian and other ethnic minority communities even as they have been hit disproportionately hard both by the virus itself and by the lockdowns imposed to stop its spread, many local leaders like Dr. Riaz have taken it upon themselves to act.

Some are well-known and trusted figures like religious leaders. Others are local health care workers. And still others are ordinary community members like Umit Jani, a 46-year-old Brent resident.

Mr. Jani’s face is one of many featured on 150 posters across the borough encouraging residents to get tested for the virus and vaccinated, part of a local government initiative.

The goal is to reframe the community’s relationship with the power structure, and perhaps establish some trust.

“In Brent, things have been done to communities and not in partnership,” said Mr. Jani, who said he had seen the toll the virus has taken on the area’s Gujarati and Somali communities.

A line for meals at the Bowery Mission in New York last month. Some people who would benefit most from the stimulus are having the hardest time getting it.Credit…Andrew Seng for The New York Times

For most Americans, the third stimulus payment, like the first two, arrived as if by magic, landing unprompted in the bank or in the mail.

But it’s not as straightforward for people without a bank account or a mailing address. Or a phone. Or identification.

Just about anyone with a Social Security number who is not someone else’s dependent and who earns less than $75,000 is entitled to the stimulus. But some of the people who would benefit most from the money are having the hardest time getting their hands on it.

“There’s this great intention to lift people out of poverty more and give them support, and all of that’s wonderful,” said Beth Hofmeister, a lawyer for the Legal Aid Society’s Homeless Rights Project. “But the way people have to access it doesn’t really fit with how most really low-income people are interacting with the government.”

Interviews with homeless people in New York City over the last couple of weeks found that some mistakenly assumed they were ineligible for the stimulus. Others said that bureaucratic hurdles, complicated by limited phone or internet access, were insurmountable.

Paradoxically, the very poor are the most likely to pump stimulus money right back into devastated local economies, rather than sock it away in the bank or use it to play the stock market.

“I’d find a permanent place to stay, some food, clothing, a nice shower, a nice bed,” said Richard Rodriguez, 43, waiting for lunch outside the Bowery Mission last month. “I haven’t had a nice bed for a year.”

Mr. Rodriguez said he had made several attempts to file taxes — a necessary step for those not yet in the system — but had given up.

“I went to H&R Block and I told them I was homeless,” he said. “They said they couldn’t help me.”

People dining indoors in Northville, Mich., on Sunday. Coronavirus cases are rising even as restrictions are eased, with a more transmissible variant of the virus making up many of the cases in Michigan and elsewhere.Credit…Emily Elconin/Reuters

U.S. coronavirus cases have increased again after hitting a low late last month, and some of the states driving the upward trend have also been hit hardest by variants, according to an analysis of data from Helix, a lab testing company.

The country’s vaccine rollout has sped up since the first doses were administered in December, recently reaching a rolling average of more than three million doses per day. And new U.S. cases trended steeply downward in the first quarter of the year, falling almost 80 percent from mid-January through the end of March.

But during that period, states also rolled back virus control measures, and now mobility data shows a rise in people socializing and traveling. Amid all this, more contagious variants have been gaining a foothold, and new cases are almost 20 percent higher than they were at the lowest point in March.

“It is a pretty complex situation, because behavior is changing, but you’ve also got this change in the virus itself at the same time,” said Emily Martin, an epidemiologist at the University of Michigan School of Public Health.

Michigan has seen the sharpest rise in cases in the last few weeks. B.1.1.7 — the more transmissible and more deadly variant of the coronavirus that was first discovered in Britain — may now make up around 70 percent of all of the state’s new cases, according to the Helix data.

Higher vaccination rates among the country’s older adults — those prioritized first in the vaccination rollout — mean that some of those at highest risk of complications are protected as cases rise again.

But almost 70 percent of the U.S. population has still not received a first dose, and only about half of those ages 65 and older are fully vaccinated. And in many states, those with high-risk conditions or in their 50s and 60s had not yet or had only just become eligible for the vaccine when cases began to rise again, leaving them vulnerable.

Global Roundup

A gym in Saarbruecken, Germany, reopened on Tuesday to anyone with a negative coronavirus test in the previous 24 hours.Credit…Oliver Dietze/DPA, via Associated Press

The tiny German state of Saarland, home to around 990,000 people, is making a cautious return to a new kind of normal in a pilot project that state officials hope could show how to keep the local economy open while controlling infections. From Tuesday, residents who test negative for the coronavirus will be able to use outdoor dining areas, gyms and movie theaters and even attend live theater performances.

Even as cases have continued to rise in Germany, prompting calls for a harsher national lockdown to halt a third wave of the pandemic — which has already shut down many of its European neighbors.

“More vaccinating, more testing, more mindfulness, more options: That’s the formula we want to use as Saarland break new ground in the fight against the coronavirus pandemic,” Tobias Hans, the governor of the state in southwestern Germany, said last week as he announced the reopening plans.

Under the guidelines, as many as 10 people can meet outdoors, and anyone with a negative test result within the previous 24 hours can visit stores, gyms, theaters and beer gardens — places that have largely been closed across Germany since the country announced a “lockdown light” in November.

(Many stores have been open since March, when a court overturned the rules.)

The Saarland project begins the same day that new regulations require travelers from the Netherlands to present a negative coronavirus test to cross the border into Germany. Travelers from the Czech Republic, France and Poland face similar measures.

In other news from around the world:

  • The new leader of Tanzania said she would set up a committee to look into the coronavirus pandemic in the country — a sharp departure from her predecessor’s stance. “We cannot isolate ourselves as an island,” President Samia Suluhu Hassan said in a speech on Tuesday in the port city of Dar es Salaam. Tanzania has not shared data on the coronavirus with the World Health Organization since April, and it has reported just 509 cases and 21 deaths, figures that have been widely viewed with skepticism. President John Magufuli, who died last month, had scoffed at masks and social distancing measures, argued that “vaccines don’t work,” and said that God had helped the country eliminate the virus.

  • The World Health Organization does not support requiring vaccination passports for travel, a spokeswoman said on Tuesday during at a news briefing in Geneva, Switzerland.

    “At this stage we would not like to see the vaccination passport as a requirement for entry or exit because we are not certain at this stage that the vaccine prevents transmission,” the spokeswoman, Margaret Harris, said, according to Reuters. She also cited concerns over the “question of discrimination against the people who are not able to have the vaccine for one reason or another.”

Categories
World News

North Korea Bows Out of Tokyo Olympics, Citing Covid-19

North Korea announced on Tuesday that it had decided not to participate in the 32nd Summer Olympics in Tokyo because of the Covid-19 pandemic.

The decision was made when the National Olympic Committee of the North met in Pyongyang on March 25th and decided that a delegation would skip the Tokyo Olympics, scheduled for July 23rd to August 8th, “to our athletes protect from the global health crisis caused by the malignant viral infection, “said the government-run sport in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea.

It’s the first Summer Olympics the North has skipped since boycotting the Seoul Olympics in 1988.

North Korea, which has a rundown public health system, has taken tough measures against the virus since the beginning of last year, including closing its borders. The country officially claims there are no Covid-19 cases, but outside health experts remain skeptical.

North Korea’s decision robs South Korea and other nations of a rare opportunity to make official contact with the isolated country. Officials in the south had hoped the Olympics could provide a venue for high-level delegates from both Koreas to discuss issues beyond the sport.

The 2018 Winter Olympics in the South Korean city of Pyeongchang provided such an opportunity. Kim Yo-jong, the only sister of North Korean leader Kim Jong-un, attracted worldwide attention when she became the first member of the Kim family to cross the border into South Korea to attend the opening ceremony.

Mr. Kim used the North’s participation in the Pyeongchang Olympics as a signal to begin diplomacy after a series of nuclear and long-range missile tests. The inter-Korean dialogue soon followed, leading to three summit meetings between Mr. Kim and President Moon Jae-in of South Korea. Mr. Kim also met three times with President Donald J. Trump.

Since the collapse of Mr Kim’s diplomacy with Mr Trump in 2019, North Korea has avoided official contact with South Korea or the United States. The pandemic has deepened its diplomatic isolation and economic difficulties amid concerns over its nuclear ambitions. North Korea launched two ballistic missiles in its first such test in a year on March 25 to challenge President Biden.

The Tokyo Games, which start in July, were originally scheduled for 2020 but have been postponed for a year due to the pandemic. The Tokyo Organizing Committee has made efforts to develop security protocols to protect both attendees and local residents from the virus. Concern is high in Japan, with large majorities in polls saying the Games shouldn’t be held this summer.

A number of health, economic and political challenges have besieged the Games. Even when the organizers decided last month to exclude international viewers, Epidemiologists warn that the Olympics could turn into a superspreader event. Thousands of athletes and other participants will come to Tokyo from more than 200 countries while much of the Japanese public remains unvaccinated.

Categories
Health

Researchers Are Hatching a Low-Price Covid-19 Vaccine

Ein neuer Impfstoff gegen Covid-19, der in Brasilien, Mexiko, Thailand und Vietnam in klinische Studien geht, könnte die Art und Weise verändern, wie die Welt die Pandemie bekämpft. Der Impfstoff mit der Bezeichnung NVD-HXP-S ist der erste in klinischen Studien, der ein neues molekulares Design verwendet, von dem allgemein erwartet wird, dass es wirksamere Antikörper erzeugt als die aktuelle Generation von Impfstoffen. Und der neue Impfstoff könnte viel einfacher herzustellen sein.

Bestehende Impfstoffe von Unternehmen wie Pfizer und Johnson & Johnson müssen in spezialisierten Fabriken unter Verwendung schwer zu beschaffender Inhaltsstoffe hergestellt werden. Im Gegensatz dazu kann der neue Impfstoff in Hühnereiern in Massenproduktion hergestellt werden – dieselben Eier, die jedes Jahr in Fabriken auf der ganzen Welt Milliarden von Influenza-Impfstoffen produzieren.

Wenn sich NVD-HXP-S als sicher und wirksam erweist, könnten Grippeimpfstoffhersteller möglicherweise weit über eine Milliarde Dosen davon pro Jahr produzieren. Länder mit niedrigem und mittlerem Einkommen, die derzeit Schwierigkeiten haben, Impfstoffe aus wohlhabenderen Ländern zu erhalten, können möglicherweise NVD-HXP-S für sich selbst herstellen oder es zu geringen Kosten von Nachbarn erwerben.

“Das ist atemberaubend – es würde das Spiel verändern”, sagte Andrea Taylor, stellvertretende Direktorin des Duke Global Health Innovation Center.

Zunächst müssen klinische Studien jedoch nachweisen, dass NVD-HXP-S tatsächlich bei Menschen wirkt. Die erste Phase der klinischen Studien wird im Juli abgeschlossen sein, und die letzte Phase wird noch einige Monate dauern. Experimente mit geimpften Tieren haben jedoch Hoffnungen auf die Aussichten des Impfstoffs geweckt.

“Es ist ein Heimrennen zum Schutz”, sagte Dr. Bruce Innis vom PATH Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, das die Entwicklung von NVD-HXP-S koordiniert hat. “Ich denke, es ist ein Weltklasse-Impfstoff.”

Impfstoffe wirken, indem sie das Immunsystem gut genug mit einem Virus bekannt machen, um eine Abwehr dagegen zu veranlassen. Einige Impfstoffe enthalten ganze Viren, die abgetötet wurden. andere enthalten nur ein einziges Protein aus dem Virus. Wieder andere enthalten genetische Anweisungen, mit denen unsere Zellen das virale Protein herstellen können.

Sobald das Immunsystem einem Virus oder einem Teil davon ausgesetzt ist, kann es lernen, Antikörper herzustellen, die es angreifen. Immunzellen können auch lernen, infizierte Zellen zu erkennen und zu zerstören.

Im Falle des Coronavirus ist das beste Ziel für das Immunsystem das Protein, das seine Oberfläche wie eine Krone bedeckt. Das als Spike bekannte Protein bindet sich an die Zellen und lässt das Virus dann mit ihnen fusionieren.

Die einfache Injektion von Coronavirus-Spike-Proteinen in Menschen ist jedoch nicht der beste Weg, um sie zu impfen. Das liegt daran, dass Spike-Proteine ​​manchmal die falsche Form annehmen und das Immunsystem dazu veranlassen, die falschen Antikörper herzustellen.

Diese Erkenntnis entstand lange vor der Covid-19-Pandemie. Im Jahr 2015 trat ein weiteres Coronavirus auf, das eine tödliche Form der Lungenentzündung namens MERS verursachte. Jason McLellan, damals Strukturbiologe an der Geisel School of Medicine in Dartmouth, und seine Kollegen machten sich daran, einen Impfstoff dagegen herzustellen.

Sie wollten das Spike-Protein als Ziel verwenden. Aber sie mussten damit rechnen, dass das Spike-Protein ein Formwandler ist. Während sich das Protein auf die Fusion mit einer Zelle vorbereitet, verzieht es sich von einer tulpenartigen Form zu etwas, das eher einem Speer ähnelt.

Wissenschaftler nennen diese beiden Formen die Präfusions- und Postfusionsformen der Spitze. Antikörper gegen die Präfusionsform wirken stark gegen das Coronavirus, aber Postfusionsantikörper stoppen es nicht.

Dr. McLellan und seine Kollegen verwendeten Standardtechniken, um einen MERS-Impfstoff herzustellen, endeten jedoch mit vielen Postfusionsspitzen, die für ihre Zwecke unbrauchbar waren. Dann entdeckten sie einen Weg, das Protein in einer tulpenartigen Präfusionsform zu halten. Alles, was sie tun mussten, war, zwei von mehr als 1.000 Bausteinen im Protein in eine Verbindung namens Prolin umzuwandeln.

Die resultierende Spitze – 2P genannt – für die beiden darin enthaltenen neuen Prolinmoleküle nahm mit weit größerer Wahrscheinlichkeit die gewünschte Tulpenform an. Die Forscher injizierten die 2P-Spikes in Mäuse und stellten fest, dass die Tiere Infektionen des MERS-Coronavirus leicht abwehren konnten.

Das Team meldete ein Patent für seinen modifizierten Spike an, aber die Welt nahm die Erfindung kaum zur Kenntnis. Obwohl MERS tödlich ist, ist es nicht sehr ansteckend und hat sich als relativ geringe Bedrohung erwiesen. weniger als 1.000 Menschen sind an MERS gestorben, seit es zum ersten Mal beim Menschen aufgetreten ist.

Ende 2019 tauchte jedoch ein neues Coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, auf und begann, die Welt zu verwüsten. Dr. McLellan und seine Kollegen traten in Aktion und entwarfen einen 2P-Spike, der nur für SARS-CoV-2 gilt. Innerhalb weniger Tage nutzte Moderna diese Informationen, um einen Impfstoff für Covid-19 zu entwickeln. Es enthielt ein genetisches Molekül namens RNA mit den Anweisungen zur Herstellung des 2P-Spikes.

Andere Unternehmen folgten bald diesem Beispiel, nahmen 2P-Spikes für ihre eigenen Impfstoffdesigns an und begannen mit klinischen Studien. Alle drei bisher in den USA zugelassenen Impfstoffe – von Johnson & Johnson, Moderna und Pfizer-BioNTech – verwenden den 2P-Spike.

Andere Impfstoffhersteller verwenden es ebenfalls. Novavax hat in klinischen Studien starke Ergebnisse mit dem 2P-Anstieg erzielt und wird voraussichtlich in den nächsten Wochen bei der Food and Drug Administration eine Genehmigung für den Notfall beantragen. Sanofi testet auch einen 2P-Spike-Impfstoff und geht davon aus, dass die klinischen Studien noch in diesem Jahr abgeschlossen sein werden.

Dr. McLellans Fähigkeit, lebensrettende Hinweise in der Struktur von Proteinen zu finden, hat ihm tiefe Bewunderung in der Impfstoffwelt eingebracht. “Dieser Typ ist ein Genie”, sagte Harry Kleanthous, Senior Program Officer bei der Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. “Er sollte stolz auf diese große Sache sein, die er für die Menschheit getan hat.”

Aktualisiert

5. April 2021, 4:37 Uhr ET

Aber als Dr. McLellan und seine Kollegen den 2P-Spike an Impfstoffhersteller weitergaben, wandte er sich für eine genauere Betrachtung wieder dem Protein zu. Wenn der Austausch von nur zwei Prolinen einen Impfstoff verbessern würde, könnten zusätzliche Optimierungen ihn sicherlich noch weiter verbessern.

“Es war sinnvoll, einen besseren Impfstoff zu versuchen”, sagte Dr. McLellan, der jetzt Associate Professor an der University of Texas in Austin ist.

Im März schloss er sich mit zwei anderen Biologen der Universität von Texas, Ilya Finkelstein und Jennifer Maynard, zusammen. In ihren drei Labors wurden 100 neue Spikes mit jeweils einem veränderten Baustein erstellt. Mit Mitteln der Gates Foundation testeten sie jeden einzelnen und kombinierten dann die vielversprechenden Änderungen bei neuen Spikes. Schließlich schufen sie ein einziges Protein, das ihren Wünschen entsprach.

Der Gewinner enthielt die zwei Prolinen in der 2P-Spitze sowie vier zusätzliche Prolinen, die an anderer Stelle im Protein gefunden wurden. Dr. McLellan nannte den neuen Spike HexaPro zu Ehren seiner insgesamt sechs Prolinen.

Die Struktur von HexaPro war sogar stabiler als die von 2P, stellte das Team fest. Es war auch widerstandsfähig, besser in der Lage, Hitze und schädlichen Chemikalien zu widerstehen. Dr. McLellan hoffte, dass sein robustes Design es in einem Impfstoff wirksam machen würde.

Dr. McLellan hoffte auch, dass Impfstoffe auf HexaPro-Basis mehr von der Welt erreichen würden – insbesondere Länder mit niedrigem und mittlerem Einkommen, die bisher nur einen Bruchteil der Gesamtverteilung der Impfstoffe der ersten Welle erhalten haben.

“Der Anteil der Impfstoffe, die sie bisher erhalten haben, ist schrecklich”, sagte Dr. McLellan.

Zu diesem Zweck hat die University of Texas eine Lizenzvereinbarung für HexaPro getroffen, die es Unternehmen und Labors in 80 Ländern mit niedrigem und mittlerem Einkommen ermöglicht, das Protein in ihren Impfstoffen zu verwenden, ohne Lizenzgebühren zu zahlen.

In der Zwischenzeit suchten Dr. Innis und seine Kollegen bei PATH nach einer Möglichkeit, die Produktion von Covid-19-Impfstoffen zu steigern. Sie wollten einen Impfstoff, den weniger wohlhabende Nationen selbst herstellen können.

Die erste Welle zugelassener Covid-19-Impfstoffe erfordert spezielle, kostspielige Inhaltsstoffe. Zum Beispiel benötigt der RNA-basierte Impfstoff von Moderna genetische Bausteine, sogenannte Nukleotide, sowie eine maßgeschneiderte Fettsäure, um eine Blase um sie herum aufzubauen. Diese Inhaltsstoffe müssen in eigens dafür errichteten Fabriken zu Impfstoffen verarbeitet werden.

Die Art und Weise, wie Influenza-Impfstoffe hergestellt werden, ist dagegen eine Studie. In vielen Ländern gibt es riesige Fabriken für billige Grippeschutzimpfungen, in die Hühnereier mit Influenzaviren injiziert werden. Die Eier produzieren eine Fülle neuer Kopien der Viren. Fabrikarbeiter extrahieren dann die Viren, schwächen oder töten sie und setzen sie dann in Impfstoffe ein.

Das PATH-Team fragte sich, ob Wissenschaftler einen Covid-19-Impfstoff herstellen könnten, der billig in Hühnereiern angebaut werden könnte. Auf diese Weise könnten dieselben Fabriken, die Grippeschutzimpfungen durchführen, auch Covid-19-Impfungen durchführen.

In New York wusste ein Team von Wissenschaftlern der Icahn School of Medicine am Mount Sinai, wie man einen solchen Impfstoff mit einem Vogelvirus namens Newcastle Disease Virus herstellt, das beim Menschen harmlos ist.

Seit Jahren experimentieren Wissenschaftler mit dem Newcastle-Virus, um Impfstoffe für eine Reihe von Krankheiten zu entwickeln. Um beispielsweise einen Ebola-Impfstoff zu entwickeln, fügten die Forscher dem eigenen Satz von Genen des Newcastle-Disease-Virus ein Ebola-Gen hinzu.

Die Wissenschaftler setzten dann das manipulierte Virus in Hühnereier ein. Da es sich um ein Vogelvirus handelt, vermehrte es sich schnell in den Eiern. Die Forscher hatten Viren der Newcastle-Krankheit, die mit Ebola-Proteinen beschichtet waren.

Am Berg Sinai machten sich die Forscher daran, dasselbe zu tun, indem sie Coronavirus-Spike-Proteine ​​anstelle von Ebola-Proteinen verwendeten. Als sie von Dr. McLellans neuer HexaPro-Version erfuhren, fügten sie dies den Newcastle-Krankheitsviren hinzu. Die Viren waren voller Spike-Proteine, von denen viele die gewünschte Präfusionsform hatten. In Anspielung auf das Newcastle-Virus und den HexaPro-Spike nannten sie es NDV-HXP-S.

PATH veranlasste die Herstellung von Tausenden von Dosen NDV-HXP-S in einer vietnamesischen Fabrik, in der normalerweise Influenza-Impfstoffe in Hühnereiern hergestellt werden. Im Oktober schickte die Fabrik die Impfstoffe nach New York, um sie zu testen. Die Forscher des Mount Sinai fanden heraus, dass NDV-HXP-S Mäusen und Hamstern einen starken Schutz verleiht.

“Ich kann ehrlich sagen, dass ich jeden Hamster, jede Maus auf der Welt vor SARS-CoV-2 schützen kann”, sagte Dr. Peter Palese, der Leiter der Forschung. “Aber die Jury ist sich immer noch nicht sicher, was sie beim Menschen tut.”

Die Wirksamkeit des Impfstoffs brachte einen zusätzlichen Vorteil: Die Forscher benötigten weniger Viren für eine wirksame Dosis. Ein einzelnes Ei kann fünf bis 10 Dosen NDV-HXP-S ergeben, verglichen mit einer oder zwei Dosen Influenza-Impfstoffen.

“Wir freuen uns sehr darüber, weil wir glauben, dass dies ein Weg ist, einen billigen Impfstoff herzustellen”, sagte Dr. Palese.

PATH verband dann das Mount Sinai-Team mit Influenza-Impfstoffherstellern. Am 15. März gab das vietnamesische Institut für Impfstoffe und medizinische Biologika den Beginn einer klinischen Studie mit NDV-HXP-S bekannt. Eine Woche später folgte Thailands Government Pharmaceutical Organization. Am 26. März kündigte das brasilianische Butantan-Institut die Genehmigung an, eigene klinische Studien mit NDV-HXP-S zu beginnen.

Inzwischen hat das Mount Sinai-Team den Impfstoff auch als intranasales Spray an den mexikanischen Impfstoffhersteller Avi-Mex lizenziert. Das Unternehmen wird klinische Studien starten, um festzustellen, ob der Impfstoff in dieser Form noch wirksamer ist.

Für die beteiligten Nationen war die Aussicht, die Impfstoffe vollständig selbst herzustellen, attraktiv. “Diese Impfstoffproduktion wird von Thailändern für Thailänder hergestellt”, sagte Thailands Gesundheitsminister Anutin Charnvirakul bei der Ankündigung in Bangkok.

In Brasilien hat das Butantan-Institut seine Version von NDV-HXP-S als „brasilianischen Impfstoff“ bezeichnet, der „vollständig in Brasilien hergestellt wird, ohne von Importen abhängig zu sein“.

Frau Taylor vom Duke Global Health Innovation Center war mitfühlend. “Ich konnte verstehen, warum das wirklich so eine attraktive Aussicht wäre”, sagte sie. “Sie waren den globalen Lieferketten ausgeliefert.”

Madhavi Sunder, ein Experte für geistiges Eigentum an der Georgetown Law School, warnte, dass NDV-HXP-S Ländern wie Brasilien nicht sofort helfen würde, da sie sich mit der aktuellen Welle von Covid-19-Infektionen auseinandersetzen. “Wir sprechen nicht über 16 Milliarden Dosen im Jahr 2020”, sagte sie.

Stattdessen wird die Strategie für die langfristige Impfstoffproduktion wichtig sein – nicht nur für Covid-19, sondern auch für andere Pandemien, die in Zukunft auftreten könnten. “Es klingt super vielversprechend”, sagte sie.

In der Zwischenzeit ist Dr. McLellan zum molekularen Zeichenbrett zurückgekehrt, um zu versuchen, eine dritte Version ihres Spikes herzustellen, die noch besser als HexaPro ist.

“Es gibt wirklich kein Ende für diesen Prozess”, sagte er. „Die Anzahl der Permutationen ist nahezu unendlich. Irgendwann müsste man sagen: ‘Dies ist die nächste Generation.’ “

Categories
Health

Covid-19 Vaccine Facet Results: Your Questions Answered

Almost three million people in the United States receive the Covid-19 vaccine every day. And each new burst raises new questions about what to expect after vaccination.

Last week I asked readers to send me their questions about vaccinations. Here are some of the answers.

Short-lived side effects such as fatigue, headache, muscle pain, and fever are more common after the second dose of the Pfizer BioNTech and Moderna vaccines, which each require two shots. (The Johnson & Johnson vaccine only requires a single shot.) Patients who experience uncomfortable side effects after the second dose often describe feeling like they have a bad flu and use phrases like “it blew me out” or ” I was useless for two days. “During vaccine studies, patients were advised to take a few days off after the second dose, just in case they had to spend a day or two in bed.

The data collected by v-safe, the app that anyone can use to track side effects after vaccination, also shows an increase in reported side effects after the second dose. For example, about 29 percent of people reported fatigue after the first Pfizer BioNTech shot, but that increased to 50 percent after the second dose. The muscle pain increased from 17 percent after the first shot to 42 percent after the second. While only about 7 percent of people had chills and a fever after the first dose, that number rose to about 26 percent after the second dose.

The New York Times interviewed several dozen of the people who were newly vaccinated in the following days. They reported a wide range of reactions, from no reaction to symptoms such as uncontrolled tremors and “brain fog”. While these experiences are not pleasant, they are a sign that your own immune system is having a strong response to the vaccine.

An analysis of the first 13.7 million Covid-19 vaccine doses given to Americans found that side effects were more common in women. While severe reactions to the Covid vaccine are rare, almost all cases of anaphylaxis or life-threatening allergic reactions have occurred in women.

The finding that women are more likely to report and experience unpleasant side effects from the Covid vaccine is consistent with other vaccines as well. Women and girls after flu vaccinations and vaccines against measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) and hepatitis A and B can produce up to twice as many antibodies. One study found that in nearly three decades, women accounted for 80 percent of all anaphylactic diseases in adults.

Although women report side effects more often than men, the higher rate of side effects in women also has a biological explanation. Estrogen can stimulate an immune response, while testosterone can weaken it. In addition, there are many immune-related genes on the X chromosome, of which women have two copies and men only one. These differences may explain why far more women than men suffer from autoimmune diseases, which occur when a robust immune response attacks healthy tissues in the body. You can read more about women and vaccine side effects here.

Side effects get all the attention, but when you look at data from vaccine clinical trials and the real world, you will find that many people don’t experience side effects beyond an aching arm. In the Pfizer vaccine studies, about one in four patients reported no side effects. In the Moderna studies, 57 percent of patients (64 or younger) reported side effects after the first dose – these jumped to 82 percent after the second dose, meaning that almost one in five patients reported no reaction after the second shot.

A lack of side effects doesn’t mean the vaccine isn’t working, said Dr. Paul Offit, professor at the University of Pennsylvania and a member of the Food and Drug Administration’s Vaccine Advisory Board. Dr. Offit found that a significant number of people reported no side effects during the vaccine trials, and yet the studies showed that around 95 percent of people were protected. “That proves you don’t have to have side effects to be protected,” he said.

Nobody really knows why some people have a lot of side effects and others don’t. We know that younger people develop a stronger immune response to vaccines than older people, whose immune systems become weaker as they get older. Women usually have stronger immune responses than men. But even these differences don’t mean you aren’t protected if you don’t feel a lot after the shot.

Scientists still aren’t sure how effective the vaccines are in people whose immune systems may be weakened by certain conditions, such as cancer treatments, HIV infection, or because they are taking immunosuppressive drugs. However, most experts believe that the vaccines still offer these patients some protection against Covid-19.

Updated

April 1, 2021, 11:02 p.m. ET

The bottom line is that although individual immune responses can vary, the data collected so far shows that all three US-approved vaccines – Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna, and Johnson & Johnson – are effective against serious illness and death from Covid-19 .

You shouldn’t try to prevent discomfort by taking a pain reliever before receiving the shot. The concern is that premedication with a pain reliever like acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), which can prevent side effects like arm pain, as well as fever or headache, could also weaken your body’s immune response.

While it’s possible that taking a pain reliever before your shots may have dampened your body’s immune response, vaccine experts say you shouldn’t worry and shouldn’t try to get another shot. Studies of other vaccines suggest that while premedication can reduce the body’s immune response to a vaccine, your immune system can build strong enough defenses to fight infection. A review of studies involving more than 5,000 children compared antibody levels in children who took pain relievers before and after vaccinations and in children who did not. They found that pain medication had no significant effect on the immune response and that children in both groups produced adequate levels of antibodies after their shots.

The high effectiveness of all Covid vaccines suggests that even if taking Tylenol before the shot weakens your body’s immune response, there is some margin and you are likely still well protected against Covid-19. “You should feel reassured that you have enough immune response to be protected, especially with vaccines that are this good,” said Dr. Offit.

“It’s okay to treat side effects with pain relievers,” said Dr. Offit, but if you don’t really need one, “don’t take it”.

While most experts believe it is safe to take a pain reliever to relieve post-vaccination discomfort, they do not recommend taking it preventively after the shot or if your symptoms are manageable without the drug. The concern about taking an unnecessary pain reliever is that it may weaken some of the effects of the vaccine. (In terms of vaccine, there is no significant difference if you choose acetaminophen or ibuprofen.)

During the Moderna study, about 26 percent of people took acetaminophen to reduce side effects, and the vaccine’s overall effectiveness was still 94 percent.

Research and individual reports suggest that people with a previously diagnosed Covid-19 infection may react more strongly and experience more side effects after their first dose of vaccine than people who have never been infected with the virus. A strong reaction to your first dose of vaccine could also be a sign that you were previously infected, even if you weren’t aware of it.

If you’ve previously tested positive for Covid-19 or had a positive antibody blood test, be prepared for a stronger reaction to your first dose and plan a few days off just in case. Not only will it be more convenient to stay at home and rest in bed, the vaccine side effects may be similar to symptoms of Covid-19, and your staff won’t want to be around you anyway.

Studies suggest that a dose might be appropriate for people with a previously confirmed case of Covid-19, but medical guidelines have not changed so far. If you received the Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna vaccines, you should plan to receive your second dose, even if you have had Covid-19. Skipping your second dose can cause problems if your employer or airline requests proof of vaccination in the future. If you live in an area where Johnson & Johnson’s single-dose vaccine is available, you can be fully vaccinated after just one dose. Read more about the vaccine response in people with Covid-19 here.

The vaccines appear to be effective against a new variant that originated in the UK and is rapidly dominating the US. However, some variants of the coronavirus, especially one first identified in South Africa and one in Brazil, appear to be better able to evade antibodies in vaccinated individuals.

That sounds worrying, but there is reason to be hopeful. Vaccinated individuals exposed to a more resistant variant still appear to be protected from serious diseases. And scientists have a sufficiently clear understanding of the variants that they are already working on to develop booster shots that target the variants. The variants identified in South Africa and Brazil are not yet widespread in the United States.

People who are vaccinated should continue to wear masks in public and follow public health guidelines, but they shouldn’t live in fear of variations, said Dr. Peter J. Hotez, Dean of the National School of Tropical Medicine at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston. “If you are vaccinated you should feel pretty sure how protected you are,” said Dr. Hotez. “It is unlikely that you will ever go to a hospital or intensive care unit with Covid-19. In time, you will see a recommendation for a booster. “

I hope these answers will reassure you about your own vaccine experience. For a more complete list of questions and answers, see our dedicated vaccine tool, “Answers to All Your Covid-19 Vaccination Questions”.

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Covid-19 Vaccine Card Information: Maintaining it Protected, Journey, Data, Passport and Advantages

“Customers were looking for ways to protect their Covid-19 vaccine cards knowing they were likely to be important in the future,” said Craig Grayson, vice president of printing and marketing services at Staples, in an email on Wednesday. “Leveraging our existing in-store functionality seemed like a natural way to provide a free solution.”

Until July 25th, customers can have their finished vaccination cards laminated free of charge in Office Depot and OfficeMax branches across the country under the code 52516714.

Dr. Ikediobi also recommends keeping the card in a safe place like your passport instead of carrying it around with you. “It doesn’t always have to be with you,” she said.

In some cases, yes. Some destinations and cruise lines require travelers to be fully vaccinated prior to travel. Starting March 26, Americans who are fully vaccinated and able to show proof of vaccination will be able to visit Iceland and avoid border measures such as testing and quarantine, according to the country’s government.

The Royal Caribbean cruise line requires passengers and crew 18+ to be vaccinated to board their ships, as do Virgin Voyages, Crystal Cruises, and others. These companies will resume cruise operations in the spring and summer. Neither company has been operating cruises in United States ports to date, as the CDC has not yet given them the guidelines to follow.

Currently, airlines do not require vaccinations to travel. But the idea has been talked about a lot in the industry. In an interview with NBC Nightly News, Ed Bastian, Delta Air Lines’ chief executive officer, said that proof of vaccination will likely be required on international flights. However, it is unclear whether this is a paper certificate or a digital vaccination record.

Governor Andrew Cuomo last week announced the launch of Excelsior Pass, a free app that companies can use to scan a code to confirm whether someone has been vaccinated or tested negative for the coronavirus. To enroll, New York residents should visit the Excelsior Pass website, where they will be asked to enter their name, date of birth, and zip code. A passport – a QR code that companies can scan – is automatically generated using data from government vaccination records or test laboratory data.

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United Airways returns to JFK as Covid-19 lull ends 5-year absence

A United Airlines Boeing 737-800 and a United Airlines A320 Airbus approaching San Francisco International Airport, San Francisco.

Louis Ribbon | Reuters

United Airlines flew back to New York’s John F. Kennedy International Airport for the first time in more than five years on Sunday when the airline took advantage of a break in air traffic to secure space at the once-congested airport.

United’s JFK service departed with a PT flight at 7:30 a.m. from Los Angeles International Airport and a PT flight at 9:30 a.m. from the hub of San Francisco International Airport. Both were operated with a Boeing 767-300.

The flight from JFK to San Francisco departed around 5:30 p.m. ET and the flight to Los Angeles departed shortly after 7:00 p.m. ET. Both westbound flights were full and about 85% of the 167 seats were occupied on the eastbound flights, a spokesman said.

The airline will operate five weekly flights from JFK to Los Angeles and five weekly flights to San Francisco, doubling in May.

Sandra Vazquez, who took the JFK-San Francisco flight after visiting her son on Long Island, said she thought it was “a mistake” on her ticket when she saw JFK on her reservation and remembered it was hers Husband said to “make sure it is” right. “

United’s service in the New York area has been focused on the Newark Liberty International Airport hub and New York’s LaGuardia Airport. Airlines withdrew air traffic to the northeast during the Covid-19 pandemic, with business and international travel still at poor levels, despite domestic leisure demand increasing nationally.

According to Airlines for America, an industry group that represents most of the major US airlines, scheduled airline traffic in New York state fell 56% in April compared to the same month last year, 2019, more than any other state. The national average is 32%. This makes it easier for airlines to add services.

Scott Kirby, United’s CEO, who took over the helm last May, said leaving JFK in October 2015 was a mistake and expressed a desire to return to New York City Airport amid the move of transcontinental flights to Newark it enabled competitor American Airlines to win customers a lucrative company.

“We want to expand [JFK service] also to other hubs, “Ankit Gupta, vice president of network and flight planning for the airline, told CNBC, citing Houston’s George Bush Intercontinental Airport and Chicago O’Hare as options.

CNBC first reported in September that United plans to return to JFK.

Other airlines take advantage of the low air traffic to reach airports that were previously harder to reach due to traffic congestion. Southwest Airlines, for example, added new flights from United’s O’Hare and Houston Intercontinental hubs last year.

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Mississippi Will Take away ‘Deceptive’ Language About Covid-19 Vaccine

Bobby Wayne, a retired minister with prostate cancer and leukemia, had called health officials in his Mississippi county for a week to find out where to get the Covid-19 vaccine.

But when Mr. Wayne, 64, called the state helpline on Monday, he said an operator whose job it was to help residents schedule vaccination appointments had given him annoying and inaccurate information.

“That’s how she told me: They had no documentation that the vaccine was effective,” Wayne said. “And then she asked me if I still wanted to take it.”

When he said “yes” to her, the operator replied that there were no appointments available and that he should call again the next morning.

Recognition…Elizabeth Wayne

The confusion was the result of “miscommunication” about a misleading script that the hotline operators had received, according to the Ministry of Health.

The script referred to pregnant women, breastfeeding women and people with weakened immune systems.

It was asked, “Still want to be vaccinated with the understanding that no data are currently available on the safety or effectiveness of Covid-19 vaccines, including the Moderna Covid-19 vaccine, in pregnant women, breastfeeding women or the immunocompromised?”

Most experts agree that the risks to pregnant women from Covid-19 are far greater than any theoretical harm from the vaccines. Doctors have said they believe the vaccines are safe for people with autoimmune diseases.

Liz Sharlot, a spokeswoman for the Mississippi Department of Health, said the script could be confusing “if read out of context.”

Updated

March 24, 2021, 9:11 p.m. ET

“We are replacing this confusing and misleading language,” she said in a statement

However, Ms. Sharlot said operators were never told that there was no documented evidence that the Moderna vaccine, or any other vaccine approved by the Food and Drug Administration, worked.

“Just the opposite is the case,” she said. “Both Moderna and Pfizer have high rates of effectiveness.”

Ms. Sharlot added, “I think the Lord misunderstood this.”

Mr. Wayne said he understood perfectly.

“I’m not confused at all,” he said. “I’m maybe 64 years old and disabled, but my brain is still working and so are my ears.”

Mr. Wayne said it was worrying to think that people asking for information about the vaccination might be discouraged by the very people who are supposed to help them get a shot.

“I wouldn’t want anyone else to go through this,” he said.

According to a New York Times database, Mississippi has given 22 percent of its population at least one dose of a Covid-19 vaccine. Just over 12 percent of citizens are fully vaccinated.

Mr. Wayne’s daughter, Elizabeth Wayne, an assistant professor of biomedical engineering at Carnegie Mellon University, complained on Twitter about her father’s conversation with the state operator, calling it “violence.”

“It’s dangerous,” said Dr. Wayne. “There is therapy. There is a way to treat something and you make it harder for them to get access to that treatment, making it more likely that they will get sick. “

The Mississippi Free Press covered the story after Dr. Wayne wrote on Twitter about her father’s experience.

Dr. Thomas E. Dobbs III, the state health commissioner, responded to her post on Twitter and shared a link to a study in the New England Journal of Medicine that showed the Moderna vaccine, Covid-19, was 94.1 percent effective prevented and that “No safety concerns were identified. “

Dr. Wayne said she was pleased that the health department appeared to be taking her and her father’s concerns seriously.

“I think it was a really good example of the State Health Department trying to contact because they actually want to restore confidence,” she said.

Mr. Wayne said he got his shot Wednesday morning.

“I feel a lot better,” he said.

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Some Covid-19 Sufferers Say They’re Left With Ringing Ears

The suicide of Kent Taylor, the founder and CEO of the Texas Roadhouse restaurant chain, has drawn attention to a possible link between Covid-19 and tinnitus, the medical name for a constant ringing in the ears.

Mr Taylor suffered from a variety of symptoms, including severe tinnitus, following his illness, his family said in a statement, adding that his condition has become “unbearable”.

Whether tinnitus is related to Covid-19 – and if so, how often it occurs – is an unanswered question. Neither the World Health Organization nor the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention describe tinnitus as a symptom, although hearing problems are common with other viral infections.

But tinnitus is on the list of symptoms of long covid published by the UK’s National Health Service, along with fatigue, shortness of breath, dizziness and much more. Some recent case reports and studies have suggested a possible link.

A study published Monday in the Journal of International Audiology that examined nearly 60 case reports and studies found that 15 percent of adults with Covid-19 reported symptoms of tinnitus. The authors believe respondents described either a new or a worsening condition, although they follow up with the roughly 60 researchers to make sure how the surveys were worded.

“I’ve received about 100 emails in the 24 hours since we were published,” said Kevin Munro, professor of audiology at the University of Manchester and co-author of the study. “Almost all of them said, ‘I was so happy to read about it because my doctor thought I was crazy when I mentioned tinnitus and now I know I’m not the only one.'”

There is also evidence that Covid-19 can make symptoms worse in people who had tinnitus before they contracted the disease. A study published in Frontiers in Public Health magazine late last year surveyed 3,100 people with tinnitus and found that 40 percent of the 237 respondents who contracted Covid-19 said their symptoms were “significantly worse” after infection .

“There are many viruses that affect the ears, including measles, mumps, and rubella,” said Dr. Eldre Beukes, audiologist at Anglia Ruskin University in England, who led the study. “It could also be the case that drugs to fight Covid are making the tinnitus worse. And there’s a well-known relationship between tinnitus and stress. “

Recognition…Ron Bath / Texas Roadhouse, via Associated Press

The study cited a number of factors that have increased stress for almost all pandemic sufferers, including fear of contracting the coronavirus and social distancing rules that have increased isolation and loneliness.

Home schooling has also increased stress levels, as has coffee and alcohol consumption, added Dr. Beukes added.

Covid-19 has made life difficult for tinnitus sufferers even if they haven’t contracted the virus, said Kim Weller, an IT specialist who lives in Houston and is part of a tinnitus support group based there.

“There is a gentleman in Ohio that I text and phone with and I would describe him as at the end of his rope,” she said. “He doesn’t work, has trouble sleeping and lives alone. His situation is definitely worse because of Covid because he’s just so isolated. “

Why tinnitus affects certain people is a mystery. There are approximately 200 causes of the condition, including exposure to loud noises, stress, hearing loss, and perforated eardrum. There is currently no cure. Patients are often treated with cognitive behavioral therapy – essentially talk therapy to rewire thoughts and behaviors – or they are trained in how to get used to the condition.

In a 2011-2012 survey – the most recent data available – the CDC found that 15 percent of respondents said they had tinnitus. Of them, 26 percent said it was constant or near constant ringing, and 30 percent said the condition was a “moderate” or “very large” problem in their life.

A very small group of people in Dr. Beukes’ study – seven – reported that Covid-19 caused tinnitus for the first time. Just over half of people with tinnitus said the disease had left their symptoms unchanged.

Oddly enough, 6 percent said they had less tinnitus after contracting the disease. Dr. Beukes speculates that a life-threatening illness in these people caused the noise in their head to be redefined.

“Signing Covid meant they were struggling to survive in some cases, and that left them from a very different perspective,” she said.

Around 40 percent of respondents who said Covid-19 made their tinnitus worse include people like Aisling Starrs of Derry in Northern Ireland. She had coped with hearing loss in her right ear all her life. Two years ago she gave birth to a daughter and within minutes noticed a buzz in both ears that did not subside.

“Then I got Covid in September and it went straight into my ear,” said Ms. Starrs, an occupational therapist. “On a scale from one to ten, it was a three ahead of Covid. It’s been a seven since then. “

Little did she know that exacerbated tinnitus could be a Covid problem until she found out otherwise on the website of the British Tinnitus Association, a co-sponsor of the Anglia Ruskin study.

“I thought ‘thank god’ when I realized I wasn’t the only one out there,” she said. “Through my work I have met people who do not know that there is a medical term for the ringing in their ears. Just knowing that other people are in the same condition is a tremendous relief. “