Categories
Health

New coronavirus variants are fueling a ‘second wave’ in Africa, WHO warns

Funeral directors wearing personal protective equipment carry a coffin during the funeral of a COVID-19 victim amid a coronavirus disease (COVID-19) nationwide lockdown at Olifantsvlei Cemetery, southwest of Joburg, South Africa, on Jan. 6, 2021.

Siphiwe Sibeko | Reuters

According to the World Health Organization, new and more contagious variants of Covid-19 are spreading across Africa, causing an increase in infections and deaths.

In the week leading up to Thursday, more than 175,000 new cases and more than 6,200 deaths were reported across the continent, the WHO said in an update, while infection rates were between December 29 and January 25 compared to the previous four weeks increased by 50%.

The number of deaths doubled to 15,000 over the same period, concentrated in 10 mainly South and North African countries. Infection rates are increasing in 22 countries.

“The variant that was first discovered in South Africa has quickly spread beyond Africa. So what keeps me awake at night is that it is very likely to be circulating in a number of African countries,” said WHO Regional Director for Africa , Dr. Matshidiso Moeti, at a virtual press conference on Thursday.

The variant first discovered in South Africa leads to record infection rates on the subcontinent and has now been identified in Botswana, Ghana, Kenya and the French region in the Indian Ocean in Mayotte, Zambia, together with 24 countries outside Africa.

The highly contagious strain originally identified in Great Britain has since found its way to Nigeria and Gambia.

The CDC in Africa has set up sequencing laboratories across the continent, and the WHO urged all nations to send at least 20 samples per month to the sequencing laboratories to coordinate a targeted response.

“In addition to the new flavors, COVID-19 fatigue and the aftermath of year-end gatherings can create a perfect storm and fuel Africa’s second wave and overwhelming health facilities,” Moeti said.

“Africa is at a crossroads. We need to hold on to our guns and duplicate the tactic that we know works so well. That is wearing masks, hand washing and safe social distancing. Countless lives depend on it.”

Infections last week fell slightly in South Africa, the worst-hit country on a continent that has largely avoided the exponential spread of the virus that stalled many major economies in various places over the past year.

As of Friday morning, South Africa had recorded 1,437,798 cases of Covid-19 and 43,105 deaths. The entire continent has reported around 3.5 million cases and 88,985 deaths, according to a BBC data aggregation compiled by Johns Hopkins University.

Categories
Health

UK’s coronavirus dying toll surpasses 100,000

Paramedics work in an ambulance parked outside the Royal London Hospital in east London on January 21, 2021.

DANIEL LEAL-OLIVAS | AFP | Getty Images

LONDON – The official UK death toll from the coronavirus pandemic hit 100,000 on Tuesday. That was the grim milestone reached as a recent surge in infections continued to put pressure on hospitals and emergency services.

The latest government data showed an additional 1,631 people had died within 28 days of testing positive. To date, the UK has had over 3.6 million infections.

The UK has been particularly hard hit by the pandemic that hit the country almost a year ago. The first two reported Covid-19 cases occurred on January 31, 2020 in the tourist city of York, in northern England.

Now, a year later, the UK is in its third national lockdown, battling an increase in infections and subsequent hospitalizations and deaths caused by a more communicable variant of the virus. The mutation, first discovered in the south-east of England in September 2020, then spread to London and is now responsible for the majority of new infections in Great Britain. This has resulted in more people going to the hospital and putting the health system under extreme pressure.

The UK has the fifth highest number of cases in the world after the US, India, Brazil and Russia, according to Johns Hopkins University. France with around 3.1 million cases, followed by Italy and Spain with around 2.5 million cases each, but the UK has a higher death toll than its European neighbors.

Experts have attributed the UK’s harsh experiences during the pandemic to a number of factors, including the subsequent initial lockdown that caused it to struggle to gain control of the fast-spreading virus and hesitation about the following two lockdowns when the cases had already increased again, periods of relaxation. A poor testing and traceability system was also a factor.

British Prime Minister Boris Johnson said Tuesday that he had taken full responsibility for everything his administration did.

“What I can tell you is that we have really done what we can and continue to do everything we can to minimize the loss of life and suffering,” he said at a daily press conference.

On a more positive note, the UK is leading the world in its coronavirus vaccination campaign. It was the first country to approve and introduce the vaccine developed by Pfizer and BioNTech, and the vaccine developed by AstraZeneca and Oxford University.

After the vaccination campaign started in early December, weeks before the EU, she has now vaccinated a large part of her priority groups. elderly and healthcare / nursing home workers and is now offering the vaccine to those over 70 and anyone at extreme risk.

To date, it has vaccinated over 6.8 million people with at least the first dose of a vaccine.

Categories
Health

An Organ Recital, With a Coronavirus Shot

SALISBURY, England – One Saturday afternoon, 83-year-old Margaret Drabble sat under the towering arches of Salisbury Cathedral, swinging her legs under her chair like a school girl.

Minutes earlier, she had received her first shot of the Pfizer BioNTech vaccine against the coronavirus in a booth near the cathedral entrance. But that wasn’t why she looked so happy, she said. Instead, it was the elaborate organ music that gently echoed inside the cathedral.

“Oh, I love the organ,” said Drabble, a former school teacher. “It’s so beautiful, it makes me cry almost every time I hear it.”

“I’ve always wanted to play it,” she said wistfully. Then she looked at the 4,000 pipes on the organ outside the cathedral and sat up straight to listen. She had been told to sit for 15 minutes to make sure she did not develop an allergic reaction.

Britain is in the middle of a mass vaccination campaign trying to escape the spread of the virus as a new variant discovered in the land floods soars. So far, around 6.3 million people have received a first dose, just under 10 percent of the population.

The UK’s National Health Service has signed contracts with dozens of large venues to serve as vaccination centers. 33 new locations were announced on Monday, including an Oxford football stadium, several sports centers and a concert arena.

Patients have been receiving the vaccine in Salisbury Cathedral since January 16. There are vaccinations for around 1,200 people per day twice a week. Sessions last approximately 12 hours and most of the time, David Halls and John Challenger, the cathedral organists, provide a musical backdrop that ranges from iconic hymns to fairground tunes to euphoric classical works.

This makes the cathedral one of the few places in the country where live music can currently be heard. With much of Britain under lockdown restrictions for the third time, theaters, museums and concert halls have had to close. But in recent weeks, the UK government’s race to vaccinate its people has given some cultural venues a surprising lease on life.

Some – like the Thackray Museum of Medicine in Leeds in the north of England and the Hertford Theater north of London – have become vaccination centers that take advantage of their large, well-ventilated rooms and crowd skills. Visitors now line up to get recordings instead of looking at showcases or singing along to musicals.

At least one well-known London attraction, the Science Museum, is under consideration, according to local authorities, and even circus operators have offered their big tops.

Salisbury Cathedral is of course more of a religious than a cultural place. In addition to organ accompaniment, anyone who was inoculated into the 13th-century Gothic building in south-west England can also marvel at its architecture and view several works of art spread across the site, including a giant reclining figure by sculptor Henry Moore and a tapestry of the contemporary British artist Grayson Perry.

Covid19 vaccinations>

Answers to your vaccine questions

If I live in the US, when can I get the vaccine?

While the exact order of vaccine recipients may vary from state to state, most doctors and residents of long-term care facilities will come first. If you want to understand how this decision is made, this article will help.

When can I get back to normal life after the vaccination?

Life will only get back to normal once society as a whole receives adequate protection against the coronavirus. Once countries have approved a vaccine, they can only vaccinate a few percent of their citizens in the first few months. The unvaccinated majority remain susceptible to infection. A growing number of coronavirus vaccines show robust protection against disease. However, it is also possible that people spread the virus without knowing they are infected because they have mild or no symptoms. Scientists don’t yet know whether the vaccines will also block the transmission of the coronavirus. Even vaccinated people have to wear masks for the time being, avoid the crowds indoors and so on. Once enough people are vaccinated, it becomes very difficult for the coronavirus to find people at risk to become infected. Depending on how quickly we as a society achieve this goal, life could approach a normal state in autumn 2021.

Do I still have to wear a mask after the vaccination?

Yeah, but not forever. The two vaccines that may be approved this month clearly protect people from contracting Covid-19. However, the clinical trials that produced these results were not designed to determine whether vaccinated people could still spread the coronavirus without developing symptoms. That remains a possibility. We know that people who are naturally infected with the coronavirus can spread it without experiencing a cough or other symptoms. Researchers will study this question intensively when the vaccines are introduced. In the meantime, self-vaccinated people need to think of themselves as potential spreaders.

Will it hurt What are the side effects?

The vaccine against Pfizer and BioNTech, like other typical vaccines, is delivered as a shot in the arm. The injection is no different from the ones you received before. Tens of thousands of people have already received the vaccines, and none of them have reported serious health problems. However, some of them have experienced short-lived symptoms, including pain and flu-like symptoms that usually last a day. It is possible that people will have to plan to take a day off or go to school after the second shot. While these experiences are not pleasant, they are a good sign: they are the result of your own immune system’s encounter with the vaccine and a strong response that ensures lasting immunity.

Will mRNA vaccines change my genes?

No. Moderna and Pfizer vaccines use a genetic molecule to boost the immune system. This molecule, known as mRNA, is eventually destroyed by the body. The mRNA is packaged in an oily bubble that can fuse with a cell, allowing the molecule to slide inside. The cell uses the mRNA to make proteins from the coronavirus that can stimulate the immune system. At any given point in time, each of our cells can contain hundreds of thousands of mRNA molecules that they produce to make their own proteins. As soon as these proteins are made, our cells use special enzymes to break down the mRNA. The mRNA molecules that our cells make can only survive a few minutes. The mRNA in vaccines is engineered to withstand the cell’s enzymes a little longer, so the cells can make extra viral proteins and trigger a stronger immune response. However, the mRNA can last a few days at most before it is destroyed.

Few visitors watched it on Saturday, but some listened carefully to the music.

“I live locally and we all said, ‘Have you been to the organ concert?’” Said Pam Scoop, 86. “We don’t say, ‘Have you been for a push?’” She added with a British term for a shot. Then she closed her eyes and listened as Halls played the uplifting Bach chorale “Jesus, joy in human desire”.

Nicholas Papadopulos, the dean of the cathedral, said he offered the building as a vaccine center as soon as he heard that a successful shot had been developed. “Our thought was that many elderly, vulnerable people who hadn’t been away from home much, if at all, in the past year would come,” he said, adding that the team “wanted to create an environment that was welcoming and calming and calming. “

“The obvious solution was to make music,” he said.

David Halls, the cathedral’s music director, said he had started playing famous classical pieces like Bach, Mozart and Handel. He said he then decided to branch out and play show songs like “Old Man River” and English music hall hits like “I Like To Be By The Sea” in the hopes that they would play would bring happy memories to older listeners.

“The phrase ‘smooth classics’ came to mind,” said Halls. “We didn’t want anything too prickly or uncomfortable or too fast.”

John Challenger, the cathedral’s assistant music director, said some residents have started sending inquiries via email. Someone suggested a work by the Australian organist and composer George Thalben-Ball, he said; On Saturday someone else emailed to ask about a play by Olivier Messiaen, including the time the work should be played.

“It’s weird what people want, isn’t it?” Challenger said.

Dan Henderson, one of the doctors overseeing the center, said the cathedral is a perfect place for vaccinations because its large, draughty space reduces the risk of contracting the virus. The music was a bonus, he added, but it had medicinal benefits because it reduced people’s anxiety. “It changes that from a medical intervention to an event,” he said, “and that really calms the patient down.”

There was only an occasional downside, he added. “We let patients sit in the observation area for half an hour to listen to music when they were only supposed to be there for 15 minutes. Sometimes it actually hampers the patient flow, ”said Henderson. “But I think that’s a pretty nice problem.”

Many visitors that last Saturday seemed to feel the urge to stick to the music and enjoy it. Sue Phillips, 77, sat in the waiting area with her husband, William, after being shot. The organists paused and she seemed disappointed with the silence.

“It would be nice if the organ played,” said Phillips. “All of these old people, including us, had a year without culture, music and beauty, then we have the chance to get our kick off to organ music.”

But shortly afterwards the organ came to life and the familiar tones of Hubert Parry’s “Jerusalem”, a patriotic English hymn, filled the room.

Phillips’ eyes lit above her mask. “Oh wonderful!” She said. “That’s magical.”

She looked at her husband and said, “I think we’ll stay 10 minutes.”

Categories
Health

The Coronavirus Kills Mink. They Might Get a Vaccine.

At least two American companies and Russian researchers are working on coronavirus vaccines against mink. The animals became sick and died in large numbers from the virus, which they also returned to humans in mutated form.

Zoetis, a large New Jersey veterinary drug company with annual sales of more than $ 6 billion in 2019, and Medgene Labs, a small company with about 35 employees in South Dakota, are both testing vaccines in mink. They apply for a license for their products from the US Department of Agriculture.

Both companies said their vaccine technologies are generally similar to Novavax’s for a human vaccine that is in late-stage trials. In this system, insect cells produce the coronavirus spike protein, which is then bound to a harmless virus that invades the body’s cells and trains the immune system to be prepared for reality.

Mink is known to have been infected with SARS-CoV-2, the pandemic virus, in half a dozen countries around the world.

All members of the weasel family are susceptible to infection and to developing some symptoms and passing the virus on, at least to others of their species. This is in part due to the proteins on the surfaces of their cells and the structure of their respiratory systems. Scientists don’t know why minks in particular seem to get very sick, but the overcrowded conditions in farms on farms can cause them to be exposed to higher levels of virus.

The most serious outbreak was in Denmark, where mink breeding was suspended until at least 2022 due to mutations in the virus that appeared in infected mink.

At the end of last autumn Denmark ordered the slaughter of up to 17 million animals. Most of the dead minks were not allowed to be skinned for the fur trade. In average years the country sells up to 17 million pelts, but last year’s decision also killed its breeding population and there are fears that the industry will not recover.

In the United States, on the other hand, according to an industry group, Fur Commission USA, around 275 mostly small mink farms produce around three million skins annually. Thousands of U.S. minks have been infected and died, but states have been addressing the quarantine issue on some farms. The Ministry of Agriculture did not get involved and there was no order to kill mink populations like in Denmark.

Still, mink infections pose a public health threat in the United States. At least two minks that have escaped from farms have tested positive. And a wild mink tested positive. Scientists fear that if the virus spreads to wilder mink or other animals, it could establish itself in natural populations and create a reservoir from which it could possibly emerge in a mutated form to re-infect humans at another time.

So far, the mutations observed in Danish mink have not turned out to be a problem. But mutations in the virus in infected people have produced at least two variants that are more infectious. If a second species, the mink, serves as another breeding ground for the virus, the likelihood of mutation and escape into other animals increases. Consequently, a mink vaccine could have value beyond the industry. And while the Department of Agriculture is not currently considering applications for vaccines for cats and dogs, this is one option companies are considering.

Covid19 vaccinations>

Answers to your vaccine questions

If I live in the US, when can I get the vaccine?

While the exact order of vaccine recipients may vary from state to state, most doctors and residents of long-term care facilities will come first. If you want to understand how this decision is made, this article will help.

When can I get back to normal life after the vaccination?

Life will only get back to normal once society as a whole receives adequate protection against the coronavirus. Once countries have approved a vaccine, they can only vaccinate a few percent of their citizens in the first few months. The unvaccinated majority remain susceptible to infection. A growing number of coronavirus vaccines show robust protection against disease. However, it is also possible that people spread the virus without knowing they are infected because they have mild or no symptoms. Scientists don’t yet know whether the vaccines will also block the transmission of the coronavirus. Even vaccinated people have to wear masks for the time being, avoid the crowds indoors and so on. Once enough people are vaccinated, it becomes very difficult for the coronavirus to find people at risk to become infected. Depending on how quickly we as a society achieve this goal, life could approach a normal state in autumn 2021.

Do I still have to wear a mask after the vaccination?

Yeah, but not forever. The two vaccines that may be approved this month clearly protect people from contracting Covid-19. However, the clinical trials that produced these results were not designed to determine whether vaccinated people could still spread the coronavirus without developing symptoms. That remains a possibility. We know that people who are naturally infected with the coronavirus can spread it without experiencing a cough or other symptoms. Researchers will study this question intensively when the vaccines are introduced. In the meantime, self-vaccinated people need to think of themselves as potential spreaders.

Will it hurt What are the side effects?

The vaccine against Pfizer and BioNTech, like other typical vaccines, is delivered as a shot in the arm. The injection is no different from the ones you received before. Tens of thousands of people have already received the vaccines, and none of them have reported serious health problems. However, some of them have experienced short-lived symptoms, including pain and flu-like symptoms that usually last a day. It is possible that people will have to plan to take a day off or go to school after the second shot. While these experiences are not pleasant, they are a good sign: they are the result of your own immune system’s encounter with the vaccine and a strong response that ensures lasting immunity.

Will mRNA vaccines change my genes?

No. Moderna and Pfizer vaccines use a genetic molecule to boost the immune system. This molecule, known as mRNA, is eventually destroyed by the body. The mRNA is packaged in an oily bubble that can fuse with a cell, allowing the molecule to slide inside. The cell uses the mRNA to make proteins from the coronavirus that can stimulate the immune system. At any given point in time, each of our cells can contain hundreds of thousands of mRNA molecules that they produce to make their own proteins. As soon as these proteins are made, our cells use special enzymes to break down the mRNA. The mRNA molecules that our cells make can only survive a few minutes. The mRNA in vaccines is engineered to withstand the cell’s enzymes a little longer, so the cells can make extra viral proteins and trigger a stronger immune response. However, the mRNA can last a few days at most before it is destroyed.

Zoetis produces many vaccines for farm animals as well as dogs and cats. For pets, vaccines are made against infectious respiratory diseases in dogs, feline leukemia viruses, and others. The company began work on an animal vaccine in February at the start of the pandemic.

“When we saw the first case of dog infection in Hong Kong, we immediately followed up our normal procedures for developing a vaccine against emerging infectious diseases,” said Mahesh Kumar, senior vice president, Global Biologics, Zoetis. “We have decided to prepare a vaccine for dogs and cats.”

However, upon news of mink infections, the company reached out to the US Department of Agriculture and obtained permission to test the vaccine in mink. In the past, it took several months from testing to approval of other vaccines.

Dr. Kumar pointed out that coronavirus veterinary vaccines are common, for example for avian infectious bronchitis. The disease was first identified in the 1930s and a number of companies make vaccines.

Medgene, an early-stage small company, began work on coronavirus vaccine technology for animals in response to a devastating disease affecting pigs in China in 2013, the epidemic swine diarrhea virus. Mark Luecke, the company’s chief executive officer, said that as soon as the news of the pandemic became known last year and the coronavirus was identified and its genetic sequence described, a team “immediately started work on a vaccine that is for animals is suitable “.

Not knowing which animals would be susceptible, the company began testing it on mice, as it usually does with vaccine developers. When mink was found to be particularly vulnerable, the company contacted people in the mink industry and began testing the virus. Mr Lücke said it should be feasible to produce it this spring pending licensing.

Outside the US, other researchers are also working on mink vaccines. Researchers in Russia and Finland are tracking animal vaccines that could be used on mink and other animals.

Categories
Health

Pfizer CEO joins World Well being Group at press convention on the coronavirus outbreak

[The stream is slated to start at 12:00 p.m. ET. Please refresh the page if you do not see a player above at that time.]

World Health Organization officials are holding a press conference on Friday to inform the public about the coronavirus outbreak, which has infected more than 97.6 million people worldwide.

Albert Bourla, CEO of Pfizer, which makes one of the Covid-19 vaccines approved in the US and Europe, is expected to work with WHO representatives during the virtual meeting. Dr. Seth Berkley, CEO of the Gavi public-private vaccination partnership, and Henrietta Fore, Executive Director of UNICEF, will also attend the briefing.

Earlier this week, WHO Director General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus warned that the world would be on the verge of “catastrophic moral failure” if it did not fairly distribute available doses of Covid-19 vaccines around the world. He added that the discovery of several transmissible strains of the virus in different parts of the world increases the urgency of the vaccine’s introduction.

“It is not right for younger, healthier adults in rich countries to be vaccinated in front of health workers and older people in poorer countries,” he said on Monday. “There will be enough vaccine for everyone, but right now we need to work together as a global family to set priorities [those] most at risk of serious illness and death in all countries. “

Last year, WHO, in collaboration with Gavi and the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, set up the COVAX facility to ensure equitable access to vaccines for every country in the world. By the end of 2021, 2 billion doses of safe and effective vaccines are expected to be administered.

Read CNBC’s live updates for the latest news on the Covid-19 outbreak.

Categories
Health

Do Curfews Gradual the Coronavirus?

Maria Polyakova, an economist at Stanford University, has researched the impact of the pandemic on the US economy. “In general,” she said, “we expect staying at home to mechanically slow the pandemic by reducing the number of interactions between people.”

Updated

Jan. 23, 2021, 11:43 ET

“The downside is that the reduction in economic activity hurts many workers and their families in particular in the large service sector of the economy,” she added. Is the curfew worth the price?

She is at a loss to understand the logic. “Assuming nightclubs and the like are already closed anyway, prohibiting people from walking around the block with their families at night is unlikely to reduce interactions,” said Dr. Polyakova.

In addition, the virus thrives indoors, and clusters of infections are common in families and households. So a daunting question is whether forcing lengthy tampering with these settings will slow down or speed up the transmission.

“You can think of it that way,” said William Hanage, an epidemiologist at Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health. “What percentage of the transmission events occur in the time in question?” And how will the curfew stop them? “

A study recently published in Science analyzed data from the Chinese province of Hunan at the beginning of the outbreak. Curfews and lockdown measures, the researchers say, had a paradoxical effect: These restrictions reduced the spread within the community but increased the risk of infection in households, reported Kaiyuan Sun, a postdoctoral fellow at the National Institutes of Health, and his colleagues.

Dr. Longini and his colleagues have included bans and curfews in models of the pandemic in the United States and have concluded that they can be an effective way of reducing transmission.

Categories
Health

Eli Lilly Claims Drug Prevents Coronavirus An infection in Nursing Houses

An unusual experiment to prevent nursing home employees and residents from being infected with the coronavirus is successful, drug manufacturer Eli Lilly announced on Thursday.

A drug containing monoclonal antibodies – laboratory-bred virus fighters – prevented symptomatic infections in residents who have been exposed to the virus, even in the frail elderly, who are most vulnerable. This is based on preliminary results from a study conducted in collaboration with the National Institutes of Health.

The researchers found an 80 percent reduction in infections in residents who received the drug compared to those who received a placebo and a 60 percent reduction in staff, results that were very statistically meaningful, Eli Lilly said.

The data has not yet been reviewed or published by experts. The company expects to present the results at a future medical meeting and publish them in a peer-reviewed journal, but did not say when.

The study included 965 participants in nursing homes: 666 employees and 299 residents. (The company had hoped more residents would attend, but it proved difficult to enroll. Many had dementia and others were suspicious of intravenous medication.)

There were four deaths from Covid-19 among study participants. All of them were among those living in nursing homes who were given a placebo, not the drug.

The drug Bamlanivimab already has an emergency approval from the Food and Drug Administration, which enables Eli Lilly to make it available to symptomatic patients early in the course of their infection.

However, this study asked if the drug could stop infections before they started. It was an unusual experiment: medical staff rushed to nursing homes in trucks equipped with mobile laboratories as soon as a single infection was found there. Once the workers arrived, they set up temporary infusion centers to administer the drug.

The research ended that weekend with an emergency meeting of the Data Protection and Monitoring Committee, an independent group that oversees the incoming results. The data was strong and convincing enough to bring the placebos to a halt.

Covid19 vaccinations>

Answers to your vaccine questions

If I live in the US, when can I get the vaccine?

While the exact order of vaccine recipients may vary from state to state, most doctors and residents of long-term care facilities will come first. If you want to understand how this decision is made, this article will help.

When can I get back to normal life after vaccination?

Life will only get back to normal once society as a whole receives adequate protection against the coronavirus. Once countries have approved a vaccine, they can only vaccinate a few percent of their citizens in the first few months. The unvaccinated majority remain susceptible to infection. A growing number of coronavirus vaccines show robust protection against disease. However, it is also possible that people spread the virus without knowing they are infected because they have mild symptoms or no symptoms at all. Scientists don’t yet know whether the vaccines will also block the transmission of the coronavirus. Even vaccinated people have to wear masks for the time being, avoid the crowds indoors and so on. Once enough people are vaccinated, it becomes very difficult for the coronavirus to find people at risk to become infected. Depending on how quickly we as a society achieve this goal, life could approach a normal state in autumn 2021.

Do I still have to wear a mask after the vaccination?

Yeah, but not forever. The two vaccines that may be approved this month clearly protect people from contracting Covid-19. However, the clinical trials that produced these results were not designed to determine whether vaccinated people could still spread the coronavirus without developing symptoms. That remains a possibility. We know that people who are naturally infected with the coronavirus can spread it without experiencing a cough or other symptoms. Researchers will study this question intensively when the vaccines are introduced. In the meantime, self-vaccinated people need to think of themselves as potential spreaders.

Will it hurt What are the side effects?

The vaccine against Pfizer and BioNTech, like other typical vaccines, is delivered as a shot in the arm. The injection is no different from the ones you received before. Tens of thousands of people have already received the vaccines, and none of them have reported serious health problems. However, some of them have experienced short-lived symptoms, including pain and flu-like symptoms that usually last a day. It is possible that people will have to plan to take a day off or go to school after the second shot. While these experiences are not pleasant, they are a good sign: they are the result of your own immune system’s encounter with the vaccine and a strong response that ensures lasting immunity.

Will mRNA vaccines change my genes?

No. Moderna and Pfizer vaccines use a genetic molecule to boost the immune system. This molecule, known as mRNA, is eventually destroyed by the body. The mRNA is packaged in an oily bubble that can fuse with a cell, allowing the molecule to slide inside. The cell uses the mRNA to make proteins from the coronavirus that can stimulate the immune system. At any given point in time, each of our cells can contain hundreds of thousands of mRNA molecules that they produce to make their own proteins. As soon as these proteins are made, our cells use special enzymes to break down the mRNA. The mRNA molecules that our cells make can only survive a few minutes. The mRNA in vaccines is engineered to withstand the cell’s enzymes a little longer, so the cells can make extra viral proteins and trigger a stronger immune response. However, the mRNA can hold for a few days at most before it is destroyed.

“When I saw the results table, my jaw dropped,” said Dr. Myron Cohen, professor of medicine at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and principal researcher who helped design and conduct the study.

Although the study has ended, Dr. Daniel Skovronsky, Eli Lilly’s chief scientist, said the company would continue to rush to nursing homes on its study network if an outbreak is detected. “Everyone will get the drug,” he said.

Experts who did not take part in the study were delighted, but emphasized that they had not yet seen complete data. “I only see positive results here,” said Dr. Ofer Levy, director of the Precision Vaccination Program at Boston Children’s Hospital. “That’s a win.”

Dr. Kathleen Neuzil, director of the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health at the University of Maryland Medical School, was also encouraged.

“The mortality effect is remarkable,” she said, adding that the drug should be used more widely to prevent and treat Covid-19, “especially in populations such as nursing home residents who have high mortality rates and may not respond optimally to vaccines . ” ”

Vaccines also protect people from contracting the virus, of course, and nursing home staff and residents were among the first group to be prioritized for the shots. But supplies are inadequate, and many nursing home workers who fear the vaccines have refused to get them.

And after vaccination, it can take six weeks for the body to produce enough antibodies for maximum protection, said Dr. Srilatha Edupuganti, vaccine researcher at Emory University in Atlanta and study researcher.

Treatment with monoclonal antibodies could provide almost equivalent protection immediately, although it does not last as long as the protection offered by a vaccine.

Eli Lilly plans to reach out to the FDA for an emergency clearance to use the drug to help prevent infection in frail elderly populations, especially in nursing homes or long-term care facilities, said Dr. Skovronsky.

Categories
Health

Rising Coronavirus Variants Might Pose Challenges to Vaccines

Der stetige Drumbeat von Berichten über neue Varianten des Coronavirus – zuerst in Großbritannien, dann in Südafrika, Brasilien und den Vereinigten Staaten – hat eine neue Sorge aufgeworfen: Werden Impfstoffe vor diesen veränderten Versionen des Virus schützen?

Die Antwort lautet bisher Ja, sagten mehrere Experten in Interviews. Zwei kleine neue Studien, die am Dienstagabend online gestellt wurden, deuten jedoch darauf hin, dass einige Varianten das Immunsystem unerwartet herausfordern können, selbst bei denen, die geimpft wurden – eine Entwicklung, mit der die meisten Wissenschaftler seit Monaten oder Jahren nicht gerechnet hatten.

Die Ergebnisse stammen aus Laborexperimenten mit Blutproben von Patientengruppen und nicht aus Beobachtungen der Ausbreitung des Virus in der realen Welt. Die Studien wurden noch nicht von Experten begutachtet.

Experten, die die Papiere überprüften, waren sich jedoch einig, dass die Ergebnisse zwei störende Möglichkeiten aufwerfen. Menschen, die leichte Infektionen mit dem Coronavirus überlebt haben, sind möglicherweise immer noch anfällig für Infektionen mit einer neuen Variante. und besorgniserregender ist, dass die Impfstoffe gegen die Varianten möglicherweise weniger wirksam sind.

Bestehende Impfstoffe verhindern weiterhin schwere Krankheiten, und die Menschen sollten sie weiterhin erhalten, sagte Dr. Michel Nussenzweig, Immunologe an der Rockefeller University in New York, der eine der Studien leitete: „Wenn es Ihr Ziel ist, Menschen aus dem Krankenhaus herauszuhalten, dann wird das gut funktionieren. “

Aber die Impfstoffe dürfen nicht verhindern, dass Menschen leicht oder asymptomatisch mit den Varianten infiziert werden, sagte er. “Sie wissen möglicherweise nicht einmal, dass sie infiziert waren”, fügte Dr. Nussenzweig hinzu. Wenn der Infizierte das Virus weiterhin auf andere übertragen kann, die nicht immunisiert sind, fordert er weiterhin Leben.

Die Impfstoffe stimulieren den Körper, um Antikörper gegen das Coronavirus zu produzieren. Wissenschaftler hatten erwartet, dass das Virus im Laufe der Zeit Mutationen erhalten könnte, die es ihm ermöglichen, diesen Antikörpern auszuweichen – sogenannte Fluchtmutationen. Einige Studien hatten sogar vorhergesagt, welche Mutationen für das Virus am vorteilhaftesten wären.

Die Wissenschaftler hatten jedoch gehofft, dass die neuen Impfstoffe jahrelang wirksam bleiben würden, da das Coronavirus nur langsam neue Abwehrkräfte gegen sie entwickeln würde. Jetzt befürchten einige Forscher, dass die unkontrollierte Ausbreitung dem Virus nahezu uneingeschränkte Möglichkeiten gegeben hat, sich neu zu erfinden, und möglicherweise das Auftreten von Fluchtmutationen beschleunigt hat.

Die am Dienstagabend veröffentlichten Studien zeigen, dass die in Südafrika identifizierte Variante weniger anfällig für Antikörper ist, die durch natürliche Infektionen und durch Impfstoffe von Pfizer-BioNTech und Moderna erzeugt werden.

Weder die südafrikanische Variante noch ein ähnliches mutiertes Virus in Brasilien wurden in den USA bisher nachgewiesen. (Die ansteckendere Variante, die in Großbritannien aufgetaucht ist, enthält diese Mutationen nicht und scheint anfällig für Impfstoffe zu sein.)

Die Befürchtungen, dass die Impfstoffe gegen neue Varianten machtlos sein könnten, verstärkten sich auf einer wissenschaftlichen Konferenz, die am Samstag online stattfand, als südafrikanische Wissenschaftler berichteten, dass in Labortests Serumproben von 21 einer Gruppe von 44 Covid-19-Überlebenden die darin zirkulierende Variante nicht zerstörten dieses Land.

Die gegen die Variante erfolgreichen Proben wurden Patienten entnommen, die ins Krankenhaus eingeliefert worden waren. Diese Patienten hatten höhere Blutspiegel an sogenannten neutralisierenden Antikörpern – die Untergruppe der Antikörper, die zur Entwaffnung des Virus und zur Verhinderung einer Infektion benötigt werden – als diejenigen, die nur leicht krank waren.

Die Ergebnisse “deuten stark darauf hin, dass mehrere Mutationen, die wir in der südafrikanischen Variante sehen, einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Neutralisationsempfindlichkeit dieses Virus haben werden”, sagte Penny Moore, Virologin am Nationalen Institut für übertragbare Krankheiten im Süden Afrika, das die Studie leitete.

Die zweite Studie brachte bessere Nachrichten, zumindest über Impfstoffe.

In dieser Studie testeten Dr. Nussenzweig und seine Kollegen Proben von 14 Personen, die den Moderna-Impfstoff erhalten hatten, und sechs Personen, die den Pfizer-BioNTech-Impfstoff erhalten hatten.

Covid19 Impfungen >

Antworten auf Ihre Impfstofffragen

Wenn ich in den USA lebe, wann kann ich den Impfstoff bekommen?

Während die genaue Reihenfolge der Impfstoffempfänger von Staat zu Staat unterschiedlich sein kann, werden die meisten Ärzte und Bewohner von Langzeitpflegeeinrichtungen an erster Stelle stehen. Wenn Sie verstehen möchten, wie diese Entscheidung getroffen wird, hilft dieser Artikel.

Wann kann ich nach der Impfung wieder zum normalen Leben zurückkehren?

Das Leben wird erst wieder normal, wenn die Gesellschaft als Ganzes ausreichend Schutz gegen das Coronavirus erhält. Sobald die Länder einen Impfstoff zugelassen haben, können sie in den ersten Monaten höchstens einige Prozent ihrer Bürger impfen. Die nicht geimpfte Mehrheit bleibt weiterhin anfällig für Infektionen. Eine wachsende Anzahl von Coronavirus-Impfstoffen zeigt einen robusten Schutz vor Krankheit. Es ist aber auch möglich, dass Menschen das Virus verbreiten, ohne zu wissen, dass sie infiziert sind, weil sie nur leichte oder gar keine Symptome haben. Wissenschaftler wissen noch nicht, ob die Impfstoffe auch die Übertragung des Coronavirus blockieren. Selbst geimpfte Menschen müssen vorerst Masken tragen, Menschenmassen in Innenräumen meiden und so weiter. Sobald genügend Menschen geimpft sind, wird es für das Coronavirus sehr schwierig, gefährdete Personen zu finden, die infiziert werden können. Je nachdem, wie schnell wir als Gesellschaft dieses Ziel erreichen, könnte sich das Leben im Herbst 2021 einem normalen Zustand nähern.

Muss ich nach der Impfung noch eine Maske tragen?

Ja, aber nicht für immer. Die beiden Impfstoffe, die möglicherweise in diesem Monat zugelassen werden, schützen die Menschen eindeutig vor einer Krankheit mit Covid-19. Die klinischen Studien, die diese Ergebnisse lieferten, waren jedoch nicht darauf ausgelegt, festzustellen, ob geimpfte Personen das Coronavirus noch verbreiten können, ohne Symptome zu entwickeln. Das bleibt eine Möglichkeit. Wir wissen, dass Menschen, die von Natur aus mit dem Coronavirus infiziert sind, es verbreiten können, ohne Husten oder andere Symptome zu haben. Die Forscher werden diese Frage bei der Einführung der Impfstoffe intensiv untersuchen. In der Zwischenzeit müssen sich selbst geimpfte Menschen als mögliche Spreizer vorstellen.

Wird es wehtun? Was sind die Nebenwirkungen?

Der Impfstoff gegen Pfizer und BioNTech wird wie andere typische Impfstoffe als Schuss in den Arm abgegeben. Die Injektion unterscheidet sich nicht von denen, die Sie zuvor erhalten haben. Zehntausende Menschen haben die Impfstoffe bereits erhalten, und keiner von ihnen hat ernsthafte gesundheitliche Probleme gemeldet. Einige von ihnen haben jedoch kurzlebige Beschwerden verspürt, darunter Schmerzen und grippeähnliche Symptome, die normalerweise einen Tag anhalten. Es ist möglich, dass die Leute planen müssen, nach dem zweiten Schuss einen Tag frei zu nehmen oder zur Schule zu gehen. Obwohl diese Erfahrungen nicht angenehm sind, sind sie ein gutes Zeichen: Sie sind das Ergebnis der Begegnung Ihres eigenen Immunsystems mit dem Impfstoff und einer starken Reaktion, die eine dauerhafte Immunität gewährleistet.

Werden mRNA-Impfstoffe meine Gene verändern?

Nein. Die Impfstoffe von Moderna und Pfizer verwenden ein genetisches Molekül, um das Immunsystem zu stärken. Dieses als mRNA bekannte Molekül wird schließlich vom Körper zerstört. Die mRNA ist in einer öligen Blase verpackt, die mit einer Zelle verschmelzen kann, so dass das Molekül hineinrutschen kann. Die Zelle verwendet die mRNA, um Proteine ​​aus dem Coronavirus herzustellen, die das Immunsystem stimulieren können. Zu jedem Zeitpunkt kann jede unserer Zellen Hunderttausende von mRNA-Molekülen enthalten, die sie produzieren, um eigene Proteine ​​herzustellen. Sobald diese Proteine ​​hergestellt sind, zerkleinern unsere Zellen die mRNA mit speziellen Enzymen. Die mRNA-Moleküle, die unsere Zellen herstellen, können nur wenige Minuten überleben. Die mRNA in Impfstoffen ist so konstruiert, dass sie den Enzymen der Zelle etwas länger standhält, sodass die Zellen zusätzliche Virusproteine ​​bilden und eine stärkere Immunantwort auslösen können. Die mRNA kann jedoch höchstens einige Tage halten, bevor sie zerstört wird.

Die Forscher sahen eine leichte Abnahme der Antikörperaktivität gegen manipulierte Viren mit drei der Schlüsselmutationen in der in Südafrika identifizierten Variante. Dieses Ergebnis war signifikant, “weil es bei nahezu jedem getesteten Individuum zu sehen ist”, sagte Dr. Nussenzweig. Trotzdem ist es “nicht etwas, worüber wir schrecklich ausgeflippt sein sollten.”

Bei den meisten Menschen führt eine Infektion mit dem Coronavirus zu einer starken Immunantwort; Die Impfstoffe scheinen eine noch stärkere Reaktion hervorzurufen. Zumindest zwei Dosen der Impfstoffe von Pfizer und Moderna produzieren neutralisierende Antikörper in Mengen, die höher sind als diejenigen, die durch natürliche Infektion erworben wurden.

Selbst wenn die Wirksamkeit der Antikörper verzehnfacht würde, wären die Impfstoffe gegen das Virus immer noch recht wirksam, sagte Jesse Bloom, Evolutionsbiologe am Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle.

Während neutralisierende Antikörper für die Verhinderung einer Infektion unerlässlich sind, führen die Impfstoffe – und die natürliche Infektion – auch zur Produktion von Tausenden anderer Arten von Antikörpern, ganz zu schweigen von verschiedenen Immunzellen, die ein Gedächtnis des Virus behalten und zum Handeln angeregt werden können, wenn die Körper trifft es wieder.

Selbst wenn sie mit Varianten konfrontiert werden, können diese anderen Komponenten des Immunsystems ausreichen, um schwere Krankheiten zu verhindern, sagte Florian Krammer, Immunologe an der Icahn School of Medicine am Mount Sinai in New York. In klinischen Studien schützten die Impfstoffe Menschen bereits nach einer Dosis vor Krankheiten, wenn der Gehalt an neutralisierenden Antikörpern niedrig oder nicht nachweisbar war.

Impfstoffversuche, die in Südafrika von Novavax und Johnson & Johnson durchgeführt werden, werden realistischere Daten darüber liefern, wie sich die Impfstoffe gegen die dortige neue Variante verhalten. Diese Ergebnisse werden in den nächsten Wochen erwartet.

Alle Viren mutieren, und es ist keine Überraschung, dass einige dieser Mutationen die körpereigene Immunabwehr umgehen, sagten Experten. Jeder neue Wirt bietet einem Virus neue Möglichkeiten, Mutationen anzuhäufen und zu testen, indem die Sequenz der RNA-Buchstaben in seinem genetischen Code leicht durcheinander gebracht wird.

“Die Schönheit, die Eleganz, die Entwicklung und die Pracht eines Virus besteht darin, dass es jedes Mal, wenn es eine Person infiziert, diesen Sequenzraum erforscht”, sagte Paul Duprex, Direktor des Zentrums für Impfstoffforschung an der Universität von Pittsburgh.

Einige Mutationen verbessern das Original nicht und verschwinden. Andere erhöhen die Kraft des Erregers, indem sie ihn – wie die erstmals in Großbritannien identifizierte Variante – ansteckender oder weniger anfällig für Immunität machen.

Die Mutationen in der in Südafrika zirkulierenden Variante B.1.351 sind unabhängig voneinander mehr als einmal und insgesamt aufgetreten, was darauf hindeutet, dass sie gemeinsam zum Nutzen des Virus wirken.

Die Schlüsselmutation namens E484K, und zwei seiner Begleiter verändern die Form eines Teils des Virus, der für die Immunerkennung entscheidend ist, was es für Antikörper schwierig macht, sich an das Virus zu binden. Das Trio tauchte in mehreren Laborstudien auf, in denen versucht wurde, vorherzusagen, welche Mutationen für das Virus vorteilhaft sein würden.

“Ich denke, wir müssen Mutationen genau überwachen und nach solchen Dingen Ausschau halten, die in bestimmten Teilen der Welt dominant werden könnten”, sagte Akiko Iwasaki, Immunologe an der Yale University.

Großbritannien entdeckte die ansteckendere Variante, die dort zirkuliert, weil es mehr Virusproben sequenziert als jede andere Nation. Die Vereinigten Staaten bleiben weit zurück: Sie haben bisher etwa 71.000 Proben sequenziert, ein winziger Teil der Millionen, die im Land infiziert sind. Die Zentren für die Kontrolle und Prävention von Krankheiten planen jedoch, mit staatlichen und lokalen Gesundheitslabors zusammenzuarbeiten, um bis zu 6.000 Proben pro Woche zu sequenzieren, sagten Wissenschaftler der Agentur am Freitag.

Es wird wichtig sein, Reisen – und den Import von Varianten – aus anderen Ländern zu begrenzen, bis ein Großteil der Bevölkerung geimpft ist, sagte John Moore, Virologe bei Weill Cornell Medicine in New York.

“Selbst wenn sie bereits hier sind, ist es umso wahrscheinlicher, dass es zu einem Super-Spreader-Ereignis kommt, je öfter sie wieder eingeführt werden”, sagte Dr. Moore. (Präsident Joseph R. Biden Jr. plant, die bestehenden Reisebeschränkungen für alle beizubehalten, die kürzlich nach Europa und Brasilien gereist sind.)

Die mRNA-Technologie, auf die sich die Impfstoffe von Pfizer und Moderna stützen, kann innerhalb weniger Wochen geändert werden und ist weitaus einfacher als das Verfahren zur Herstellung von Grippeimpfstoffen. Es wäre jedoch ratsam, sich jetzt auf diese Möglichkeit vorzubereiten und nicht nur die technischen Aspekte der Aktualisierung der Impfstoffe, sondern auch die Prüfung, Zulassung und Einführung dieser Impfstoffe zu überdenken, so Experten.

Der beste Weg sei jedoch, die Entstehung neuer Mutationen und Varianten insgesamt zu verhindern.

“Stellen Sie sich vor, Sie müssen die ganze Zeit so aufholen – das ist nicht wünschenswert”, sagte Dr. Iwasaki. “Wenn wir die Ausbreitung so schnell wie möglich stoppen können, während der Impfstoff sehr effektiv ist, ist das der beste Weg.”

Categories
Health

What You Can Do to Keep away from the New Coronavirus Variant Proper Now

The vaccine is the ultimate way to reduce the risk. But until then, take a look at your activities and try to reduce the time and number of exposures to other people.

For example, if you go to the store two or three times a week now, reduce the number to once a week. When you’ve spent 30 to 45 minutes at the grocery store, cut your time down to 15 or 20 minutes. If the shop is crowded, come back later. When standing in line, make sure you are at least three feet away from the people in front and behind you. Try roadside delivery or pickup if that’s an option for you.

If you’ve spent time indoors with someone outside your household, these events should be skipped until you and your friends are vaccinated. If you need to spend time with others, wear your best mask, make sure the room is well ventilated (windows and doors open), and keep the visit as short as possible. It’s still safest to put your social plans outdoors. And if you are thinking about air travel, given the high number of cases across the country and the emergence of the contagious variant, making a new appointment is a good idea.

“The new variations make me think twice about my plan to teach in person what would have happened with masks and good ventilation anyway,” said Dr. Marr. “You make me think twice about getting on a plane.”

Experts are cautiously optimistic that the current generation of vaccines will mainly be effective against the emerging coronavirus variants. Earlier this month Pfizer and BioNTech announced that their Covid vaccine was effective against one of the key mutations that are present in some variants. This is good news, but the variants have other potentially risky mutations that have not yet been studied.

Some data also suggest that variants with certain mutations may be more resistant to the vaccines. Far more studies are needed, however, and these variants have not yet been demonstrated in the United States. While the data is concerned, experts say the current vaccines produce extremely high levels of antibodies and are likely to at least prevent serious illness in people who are immunized and infected.

“The reason I’m cautiously optimistic is that, from what we know about how vaccines work, it’s not just one antibody that provides all of the protection,” said Dr. Adam Lauring, Associate Professor of Infectious Diseases at the University of Michigan. “When you get vaccinated, you make antibodies all over the spike protein. This makes it less likely that a mutation here or there will leave you completely unprotected. That gives me reason to be optimistic that this will be okay with the vaccine, but there is still a lot to be done. “

Categories
Health

What You Can Do to Keep away from the New Coronavirus Variant Proper Now

The vaccine is the ultimate way to reduce the risk. But until then, take a look at your activities and try to reduce the time and number of exposures to other people.

For example, if you go to the store two or three times a week now, reduce the number to once a week. When you’ve spent 30 to 45 minutes at the grocery store, cut your time down to 15 or 20 minutes. If the shop is crowded, come back later. When standing in line, make sure you are at least three feet away from the people in front and behind you. Try roadside delivery or pickup if that’s an option for you.

If you’ve spent time indoors with someone outside your household, these events should be skipped until you and your friends are vaccinated. If you need to spend time with others, wear your best mask, make sure the room is well ventilated (windows and doors open), and keep the visit as short as possible. It’s still safest to put your social plans outdoors. And if you are thinking about air travel, given the high number of cases across the country and the emergence of the contagious variant, making a new appointment is a good idea.

“The new variations make me think twice about my plan to teach in person what would have happened with masks and good ventilation anyway,” said Dr. Marr. “You make me think twice about getting on a plane.”

Experts are cautiously optimistic that the current generation of vaccines will mainly be effective against the emerging coronavirus variants. Earlier this month Pfizer and BioNTech announced that their Covid vaccine was effective against one of the key mutations that are present in some variants. This is good news, but the variants have other potentially risky mutations that have not yet been studied.

Some data also suggest that variants with certain mutations may be more resistant to the vaccines. Far more studies are needed, however, and these variants have not yet been demonstrated in the United States. While the data is concerned, experts say the current vaccines produce extremely high levels of antibodies and are likely to at least prevent serious illness in people who are immunized and infected.

“The reason I’m cautiously optimistic is that, from what we know about how vaccines work, it’s not just one antibody that provides all of the protection,” said Dr. Adam Lauring, Associate Professor of Infectious Diseases at the University of Michigan. “When you get vaccinated, you make antibodies all over the spike protein. This makes it less likely that a mutation here or there will leave you completely unprotected. That gives me reason to be optimistic that this will be okay with the vaccine, but there is still a lot to be done. “