Categories
Entertainment

Sundance Diary, Half 2: The Promise of Music in a Highly effective Movie

AO Scott, our critic in general, keeps a journal while attending the virtual Sundance Film Festival, which runs through Wednesday. Read part 1 here.

Friday, 1am: It’s been almost exactly a year since I took a plane, almost as long since I’ve been to a movie theater, and many months since I got up after midnight. The Sundance premier screenings are held in three-hour windows, which makes the start time flexible. I was able to wash some dishes before deciding to go sightseeing in the evening. And of course the pause button is available for snack or bathroom breaks.

Normally I would skip an event like “Opening Night Welcome”, but I checked into this short program of zoom-in greetings and video montages to mark the line between everyday life and festival. I also wanted to take a look at Tabitha Jackson, the festival director, when she added a new entry to her list of premieres. She is the first woman to lead Sundance and the first person of color and person to be born outside the United States in this role. And now she’s also the first to run an online festival.

Over the past few years, I might have found her brief remarks a little cheesy, evoking the strength of community and the power of storytelling. Instead, I was moved and touched by the greetings from festival goers waving from their living rooms in Austin, Denver, New York, and elsewhere. Human connection cannot be taken for granted these days.

Then I saw two films, one of which blew me away. I will concentrate on emphasizing the positive in the usual festival spirit. Directed by Ahmir Thompson, better known to music fans as Questlove, this is a documentary entitled “Summer of Soul” about the 1969 Harlem Cultural Festival.

This event is sometimes referred to as “Black Woodstock”, but the parallel is a bit misleading and describing “Summer of Soul” as a concert film doesn’t do it justice. I mean, it captures some absolutely fascinating musical performances – from Stevie Wonder, the Staples Singers, Max Roach, Nina Simone, Ray Barretto, and Sly and the Family Stone, among others – but it anchors them in a vibrant and intricate tableau of politics, Culture and city life.

Thompson uses archival footage and recent interviews wisely to contextualize long-lost footage of the festival itself, which ran over several summer weekends, including the day the moon landed. He contends that what happened in Harlem was at least as significant and should be remembered as a turning point in black history (as well as the history of New York, America and musicals).

More than 50 years later, when enthusiastic summer crowds and live performances are out of reach, it is a reminder of what is possible and the power and promise of popular art in troubled times.

Categories
Business

E.U. Makes a Sudden and Embarrassing U-Activate Vaccines

BRUSSELS – The European Union abruptly reversed its attempt early Saturday to restrict vaccine exports from the bloc to the UK. This is the latest misstep in the weak vaccine roll-out on the continent.

The bloc was heavily criticized by Britain, Ireland and the World Health Organization on Friday when it announced plans to take immediate action under the Brexit deal to prevent Covid-19 vaccines from being shipped across the Irish border into the UK.

The reversal occurred when the European Commission and its President Ursula von der Leyen were already under fire for the comparatively slow introduction of vaccinations in the 27 member states, especially when compared to Great Britain and the United States.

The commission announced the restrictions without consulting member states or the UK, a former member – unusually aggressive behavior not typical of the bloc, Mujtaba Rahman, head of Europe for Eurasia Group, told a political risk adviser.

“There is clearly panic at the highest levels of the Commission and the issue of the Northern Ireland Agreement has been taken up on this larger issue of poor EU vaccination performance,” he said.

The drama was developing as the bloc’s plan to vaccinate 70 percent of its adult population by the summer came to an end. The European Union was already slow in ordering and delivering vaccines and was hit by a devastating blow when AstraZeneca announced it would reduce vaccine shipments due to production problems.

The original EU plan for export controls sparked outrage in both the Republic of Ireland, a member of the European Union, and Northern Ireland, part of the United Kingdom. Both sides undertake not to restore any land border between the two parts of the island of Ireland.

The triggering of the emergency measures in the Brexit deal so soon after the UK left the bloc’s authority in late 2020 seemed to question the sincerity of the European Union to enforce the deal with Ireland – which is one of the biggest sticking points for reaching the deal was deal. Irish Prime Minister Micheal Martin immediately raised the issue with Ms. von der Leyen.

British Prime Minister Boris Johnson spoke to both leaders. And Arlene Foster, Northern Ireland’s first female minister, described the bloc’s move as “an incredible act of hostility”.

Brits who supported Brexit point to the faster adoption of vaccinations in their country to get out of the bloc and its slower collective processes.

Tom Tugendhat, a Conservative MEP in the UK Parliament who initially opposed Brexit but reluctantly voted for the deal, said on Twitter that the signals from the vaccine dispute are cause for concern.

“Whatever you think about Brexit, it is now perfectly clear how we are seen by the EU – we are out,” he said, “and goodwill is thrifty.” He called for policies that “rebuild relationships”.

Ms. von der Leyen and the Commission were quick to back down, insisting that a mistake had been made and that any vaccine export controls would ensure the Brexit deal, which gave assurances that there would be no new border controls between Ireland and Northern Ireland would be “untouched”. This protocol essentially treats Northern Ireland as part of the European Union’s regulatory space.

It was clear, however, that the move to introduce export controls was aimed at preventing vaccine doses made in the European Union from being sent across the open border on the island of Ireland to the UK.

The British took it as an aggressive act. Mr Johnson called Ms. von der Leyen and said he had “expressed serious concern about the potential impact”.

The World Health Organization joined the criticism of EU export controls, saying that such measures could prolong the pandemic. Its general director, Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said Friday that “vaccine nationalism” could lead to a “lengthy recovery”. Mariangela Simao, deputy director general for drug access, said Saturday’s move was part of a “very worrying trend.”

After talking to Mr Martin and Mr Johnson and the Council of the Ambassador of the European Union in London, Ms. von der Leyen published a tweet after midnight with the words: “We have agreed on the principle that the export of vaccines must not be restricted by companies with whom they fulfill contractual obligations. “

The bloc still intends to put in place the export controls that could prevent vaccines made in the European Union from being sent overseas, but without including Northern Ireland, which definitely sources its vaccines from the UK.

Earlier this week, the Commission and Ms von der Leyen accused the British-Swedish company of breaching its contract. They suggested that AstraZeneca, which works with a vaccine developed at Oxford University, give the UK preferential treatment and even send some vaccines made in the European Union there instead.

AstraZeneca denied the charges, and its chairman, Pascal Soriot, insisted that the contract with the European Union required only “best efforts” to meet delivery schedules.

The UK signed its own contract with the company three months before the European Union, Soriot said, and under that contract UK-made vaccines would have to get there first.

The lawyers disagreed on the language of the EU treaty, which was only partially published.

Ms von der Leyen, who previously left most of the vaccine dispute to her commissioners, said Thursday that the bloc would put in place a temporary export control mechanism to block exports of vaccines made in the European Union – a move clearly on AstraZeneca that also produces in Belgium.

Approval to use the AstraZeneca vaccine in the European Union was only granted on Friday. The company could therefore hardly be held responsible for the existing vaccination deficits resulting from previous decisions by the Commission to order the entire block in bulk, which lowered the price of vaccines but delayed orders and deliveries.

Nor did it contribute to the block unity when first the German government and then French President Emmanuel Macron cast doubts as to whether the AstraZeneca vaccine was effective for people over 65 years of age – contrary to what the European Medicines Agency said when she approved the vaccine for all adults.

For the German magazine Der Spiegel, which is not a fan of Frau von der Leyen, the abuse of the vaccine rollout is their responsibility. “Europe is facing a vaccination disaster,” wrote the magazine, “which could ultimately turn out to be the greatest catastrophe of its entire political career.”

Categories
Health

AstraZeneca-Oxford Covid vaccine authorised to be used by European regulator

Head nurse Sam Foster is holding a vial of Oxford University / AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine on January 4, 2021 at Churchill Hospital in Oxford, South West England.

Steve Parsons | AFP | Getty Images

LONDON – The coronavirus vaccine developed by AstraZeneca and Oxford University has been approved by the European Medicines Agency, the European Medicines Agency.

The EMA said on Friday that it had assessed the safety and effectiveness of the Covid vaccine and recommended that the European Commission, the EU’s executive branch, give formal conditional marketing authorization.

It also said the shot would likely work in the elderly after a German vaccine committee recommended Thursday not to give the vaccine to those over 65.

“With this third positive opinion, we have further expanded the arsenal of vaccines available to EU and EEA member states to fight the pandemic and protect their citizens,” said Emer Cooke, Executive Director of EMA, in a statement on Friday.

“As in previous cases, the CHMP has rigorously evaluated this vaccine and the scientific basis of our work underpins our firm commitment to protecting the health of EU citizens,” said Cooke, referring to the EMA’s Committee on Medicinal Products for Human Use.

The vaccine is already being used in the UK, having received approval in late December, and now, along with the Pfizer BioNTech shot, which has already been approved for use in the UK, makes up most of the EU shocks administered in the country.

Approval comes at a difficult time for the EU as the vaccination program is at best sluggish and very prone to supply shortages.

He has been dealt two blows in the past few weeks, one from Pfizer, who announced that it would temporarily cut production while improving production capacity at its Belgian facility. Then last Friday it was reported that AstraZeneca would deliver far fewer cans to the block than originally expected due to production problems at its plants in the Netherlands and Belgium this spring.

The delays have sparked a crisis in the EU which has announced it will curb exports of coronavirus vaccines from the bloc to give citizens priority. These controls are expected to last until March.

On Wednesday, the EU called on AstraZeneca to do whatever it takes to deliver its agreement to supply millions of coronavirus vaccines, suggesting that the company is diverting some supplies from its UK manufacturing facilities to the EU.

German doubt

On Thursday, doubts arose about the possible approval of AstraZeneca’s vaccine after the German vaccine committee recommended that the vaccine only be offered to people between the ages of 18 and 64.

This is due to the fact that there is insufficient data to assess the effectiveness in people over 65 years of age.

Older study participants were later admitted to phase 3 clinical trials with the AstraZeneca shot, which took place in the UK and Brazil and earlier in South Africa. As a result, there are fewer data on effectiveness in those over 65.

AstraZeneca said this data would be collected when its study results were published in the medical journal The Lancet in December: “As older age groups were recruited later than younger age groups, there was less time to collect cases and, consequently, efficacy data in these cohorts The number of cases is currently limited, but additional data will be available in future analyzes, “it said.

On Friday when the AstraZeneca approval was announced, the EMA announced that older participants (over 55 years of age) had not yet had enough results to establish a number for the vaccine’s effectiveness in this group. However, it states that “protection is expected because an immune response is observed in this age group and is based on experience with other vaccines”.

Categories
Business

Shopper focus is finest response to antitrust scrutiny

Alphabet and Google are facing multiple government antitrust cases, but the company believes continuing to serve consumers is a winning strategy.

David Paul Morris | Bloomberg | Getty Images

Alphabet and Google face increased government scrutiny, including an antitrust lawsuit filed in December, the third since October. It could take years to resolve the legal conflict with government regulators. According to Google’s head of marketing, an ongoing focus on the consumer is the best answer.

Google will continue to resonate with its users as the government scrutinizes big tech companies, said Lorraine Twohill, the company’s chief marketing officer, recently at CNBC’s CMO Exchange.

“We are by far the most helpful company in their lives and we must continue to do so,” Twohill said at the CNBC virtual event Thursday.

Twohill said user trust is a “core part” of Google’s DNA and consists of three components. This includes providing accurate and timely information as well as improving data protection and security measures to ensure user safety. Around 200 million users have already passed the platform’s privacy review, she said.

“If we continue to have a close relationship with our consumers and users by being helpful … that is the right answer for me right now,” said Twohill.

Then SVP speaks for global marketing at Google Lorraine Twohill on the stage of Creativity & Technology: Lorraine Twohill & David Droga in the discussion panel presented by Google during the Advertising Week 2015 AWXII on the Times Center Stage on September 30, 2015 in New York City.

Laura Cavanaugh | Getty Images

The government cases allege that the company used anti-competitive and exclusive contracts to ensure a continued monopoly on online search and to prevent competitors from accessing many of these sales search channels.

Earlier this month, the company called the case “a misleading attack” on the advertising technology business while addressing claims the company allegedly partnered with Facebook to set prices and minimize competition.

While government attorneys claim that the tech giant’s business practices are restricting consumers’ access to competing technologies, Google executives focus on the argument of delivering the services consumers want and improving them.

Google’s economic policy director Adam Cohen responded to the recent lawsuit in a blog post which the complaint read: “We shouldn’t have been working to improve searches and we should actually be less useful to you.”

Google isn’t the only big tech company under scrutiny. Facebook has gone through a number of government antitrust proceedings, including a lawsuit filed by the Federal Trade Commission last month and a number of attorneys general from 48 territories and states alleging the tech beast used its power to order Eliminate competitor threats when acquiring platforms like WhatsApp and Instagram.

Amazon could potentially face increased government scrutiny under the Biden administration, while Apple’s App Store has also been a focus for potential regulatory action.

With the world’s largest tech companies facing antitrust scrutiny – sometimes intertwined, as in the case of the billions of dollars that Google pays Apple to use as the default search engine for iPhones – it is important not to put them all together, according to Twohill.

“It’s important not to put all of the big technologies in one bucket. We’re all very different, we think and work very differently,” she said.

Categories
Politics

Inventory market classes my son taught me

Three generations of Dan Mangans

Courtesy: And eat

Joseph Kennedy Sr. had his shoe shine. I have my 13 year old son – and my father.

92 years ago, Kennedy – father of a US president and two other children who became senators – reportedly sold his extensive portfolio on the glowing stock market after a boy who was cleaning his shoes offered him some stock market tips.

The story goes that Kennedy thought that was a signal to sell – anything.

He argued that when boys shoeshiners touted stocks as safe things, there was a lot of stupid money in the market propping up prices that were sure to fall.

Kennedy’s move saved his fortune.

But others who believed the hype was all gone when Wall Street crashed in the fall of 1929.

On Thursday I thought I saw this shoe shiner standing in front of me and waved a $ 10 bill.

My 13 year old son excitedly asked permission to buy a cryptocurrency – Dogecoin – which he yelled would explode in price by the end of the night, quintupling his investment in hours or more.

“Elon Musk guarantees it!” my son said.

“What?” was my first question.

My second was, “Did you read that in ‘WallStreetBets?’ “”

He immediately confirmed that he, unknown to me, had read the Reddit group r / WallStreetBets.

The same group sparked the insane escalation of GameStop’s stock price last week, costing hedge funds nearly $ 30 billion short of short sales.

It has also sparked a spate of commentary on stock market morale, speculation and short selling, and saber rattling by lawmakers from across the political spectrum, from progressive MP Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, DN.Y., to Conservative Texas GOP senator Ted Cruz.

Some r / WallStreetBets users have also touted the benefits of buying Dogecoin in hopes of seeing a similarly large wave of price increases.

I laughed at my son.

But he kept pushing me to let him buy Dogecoin. And kept mentioning Elon Musk.

I had him look at a chart of cryptocurrency prices since 2013 that showed upset stomach that followed bubbles in this investment sector.

“It’s only $ 10,” he insisted.

I slipped a book into his hand, Blue Chip Kids, a basic but excellent explanation of how markets and financial instruments work. The book’s author, David Bianchi, wrote it after trying to teach his own 13-year-old son about money.

My own son quickly put the book on the couch.

I then showed him another book, Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of the Masses.

Since its publication in 1841, Charles Mackay’s report on the Mississippi Program, the South Seas Bubble, and the Dutch tulip craze has been the gold standard for understanding why financial bubbles occur and how they always end very, very, very badly for investors when they burst.

My son didn’t even pretend to read the summary on the back of the book.

I am not suprised.

Children and adults – especially adults – are hard to think about when excited about the idea of ​​a quick, easy financial return or some other mania.

I was a kid – well, in my early twenties – the last time I fell victim to this kind of excitement. In the past few years I have certainly missed the chance to win big money. But I also avoided destroying losses.

It’s probably because of my father.

When I was a child, my father used to give lectures to me and my sisters – and our mother – about money and investing.

He also told us how his own grandfather, who was a wealthy veterinarian, had lost a ton of money in the same 1929 crash that Joe Kennedy had ducked.

And he repeated a mantra that comes to mind today: buy and hold mutual funds, don’t buy or sell hype, invest as much as possible in deferred vehicles, and don’t spend money on frivolous things.

My father was a police officer who went out because of a disability because of an injury he sustained after years of work. His compensation dropped to half his full-time cop pay.

You wouldn’t believe how low that amount was, and how it has never increased a penny in more than three decades. Even so, he and my mother managed to send three children to private colleges to find out what they had been up to.

He paid close attention to money and investment management and read financial and tax publications for hours.

My father’s attention to funding probably came from his own father’s example. My grandfather lived a humble life after his own father was hammered in the 1929 crash. But my grandfather also managed to invest well and leave his son, my father, a decent amount of money to grow.

For a long time I haven’t heard or even tried to hear my father’s mantra about investing.

I made my first ever stock purchase in the late 1980s at a local bank where I opened my first savings account.

I spent $ 500 for 100 shares in that bank.

The bank, like apparently every other small Connecticut lender, expanded its home loan business dramatically and sought to establish itself as an attractive takeover candidate for what was expected to be widespread bank consolidation in the region.

Insiders at these banks, their friends, and people like me bought their stocks in the hope – and with the expectation – that if they were bought out it would pay off.

That didn’t happen.

Instead, the price continued to decline in the months after the stock was bought. Once it was $ 1 a share I’d seen enough and sold my stock for an 80% loss.

Soon after, that bank went bust in the first big wave of bank failures in the nation since the Great Depression.

As a young reporter, I handled many of these mistakes. Since then, I have been deeply skeptical of any banker’s predictions.

My father told me years later that losing my shirt at this bank was the best thing that ever happened to me because it cured me of the idea that I had talent for stock picking.

My father told me years later that the best thing that had ever happened to me was losing my shirt at this bank because it cured me of the idea that I had talent for stock picking.

With the exception of one more small share purchase in my 20s, I have never bought shares in any single company again.

Instead, I followed my father’s advice and invested effectively in autopilots: regular and consistent purchases of mutual fund shares – which I don’t sell – kept management fees extremely low and maximized the use of tax-deferred vehicles such as the 401ks and IRAs.

And I never buy anything that is hyped.

When my father died, I spoke at his funeral and described how for years as a teenager and young man I “did my best to close his sermons” on money and investing “before one night I had a revelation he had was correct. “

“And then I started scolding my friends about their money management when I heard his words come off my lips,” I added.

As I sat down to write this article this morning, I heard my son scream from his bedroom.

Dogecoin’s price had skyrocketed. He had missed converting his $ 10 into more than $ 30 quickly because I refused to let him buy it.

Then he stomped over to my desk to beat me up for it.

I have a lot of work to do with him.

Categories
Health

Pregnant Girls Might Obtain Covid Vaccines Safely, W.H.O. Says

The World Health Organization on Friday changed its guidelines for pregnant women considering a Covid-19 vaccine and abandoned opposition to immunization for most expectant mothers unless they were at high risk.

The change came after an outcry from WHO’s previous stance that the organization “did not recommend vaccinating pregnant women with the vaccines manufactured by Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna”.

Several experts expressed their disappointment with the WHO’s earlier position on Thursday. The experts found that this was inconsistent with the guidelines of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention on the same topic and would confuse pregnant women who are looking for clear advice.

The vaccines manufactured by Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna have not been tested on pregnant women, but have not shown any harmful effects in animal studies. According to experts, the technology used in the vaccines is generally known to be safe.

The WHO’s new wording reflects this information:

“Based on what we know about this type of vaccine, we have no particular reason to believe that there are any specific risks that would outweigh the benefits of vaccination for pregnant women.” The recommendation is now closely aligned with the position of the CDC.

Experts praised the postponement and welcomed the agreement between the world’s leading public health organizations on this important issue.

“I was very pleased to see that WHO has changed its guidelines for offering the Covid-19 vaccine to pregnant women,” said Dr. Denise Jamieson, an obstetrician at Emory University and a member of the Covid Expert Group at the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology. The association was among the many women’s health organizations that urged Pfizer and Moderna to speed up vaccine testing in pregnant women.

“The WHO’s more permissive language is an important opportunity for pregnant women to get vaccinated and protect themselves from the serious risks of Covid-19,” said Dr. Jamieson. “This impressively rapid overhaul by WHO is good news for pregnant women and their babies.”

Pregnant women have traditionally been excluded from clinical trials, so there is a lack of scientific data on the safety of drugs and vaccines in women and their unborn children. Vaccines are generally considered safe, and pregnant women have been encouraged to get immunized against influenza and other diseases since the 1960s, even though rigorous clinical studies have not been conducted to test them.

Pfizer will test its vaccine in pregnant women over the next few months, according to a company spokeswoman. And Moderna plans to set up a registry to monitor side effects in women who have been immunized with the vaccine.

Categories
World News

Vaccine Rollout Provides U.Okay. a Uncommon Win within the Pandemic

“With the UK, we had an additional three months to fix any issues we encountered,” AstraZeneca CEO Pascal Soriot told an Italian newspaper, la Repubblica, this week.

On Friday, the European Union drug regulators approved the AstraZeneca vaccine for all adults, following the precedent set by the UK regulator last month.

Britain could get another vaccine soon.

Novavax, a biotechnology company based in Gaithersburg, Md., Reported Friday that its vaccine was 89.3 percent effective in a large-scale study in the UK. The government has secured 60 million cans made at a facility in north east England. If the UK regulators approve, the vaccine will be dispensed in the second half of 2021.

In total, the UK government has spent at least £ 11.7 billion, or $ 16 billion, developing, manufacturing, buying and administering vaccines.

“The vaccination is the only thing we got right,” said Christina Pagel, professor of operational research at University College London.

That doesn’t mean that the rollout was free of tension. With hospital congestion and a contagious variant across the country, the UK has bet on giving more people partial protection from a single dose rather than quickly giving fewer people full protection from two doses.

Doctors whose booster vaccinations were delayed were upset with the approach, accusing the government of making them the subject of a risky new experiment that they fear will make vaccines less effective. Immunologists have raised concerns that a country full of people with only partial immunity could produce vaccine-resistant mutations, while Pfizer said the strategy is not supported by the data gathered in clinical trials.

Categories
Business

How the Seek for Covid-19 Therapies Faltered Whereas Vaccines Sped Forward

Fast ein Jahr nach Beginn der Coronavirus-Pandemie, da in den USA täglich Tausende von Patienten sterben und die weit verbreitete Impfung noch Monate entfernt ist, haben Ärzte nur wenige Medikamente zur Bekämpfung des Virus.

Eine Handvoll Therapien – Remdesivir, monoklonale Antikörper und das Steroid Dexamethason – haben die Versorgung von Covid-Patienten verbessert und die Ärzte in eine bessere Position gebracht als zu dem Zeitpunkt, als das Virus im vergangenen Frühjahr anstieg. Aber diese Medikamente sind keine Allheilmittel und nicht jedermanns Sache, und die Bemühungen, andere Medikamente wiederzuverwenden oder neue zu entdecken, waren nicht sehr erfolgreich.

Die Regierung investierte 18,5 Milliarden US-Dollar in Impfstoffe, eine Strategie, die zu mindestens fünf wirksamen Produkten mit Rekordgeschwindigkeit führte. Die Investitionen in Medikamente waren jedoch weitaus geringer, etwa 8,2 Milliarden US-Dollar, von denen die meisten nur an wenige Kandidaten gingen, beispielsweise an monoklonale Antikörper. Studien zu anderen Medikamenten waren schlecht organisiert.

Das Ergebnis war, dass viele vielversprechende Medikamente, die die Krankheit frühzeitig stoppen könnten, sogenannte Virostatika, vernachlässigt wurden. Ihre Studien sind ins Stocken geraten, entweder weil die Forscher nicht genügend Mittel oder Patienten zur Teilnahme gefunden haben.

Gleichzeitig haben einige Medikamente trotz enttäuschender Ergebnisse nachhaltige Investitionen erhalten. Es gibt jetzt eine Fülle von Beweisen dafür, dass die Malariamedikamente Hydroxychloroquin und Chloroquin nicht gegen Covid wirkten. Laut dem Covid Registry of Off-Label & New Agents an der University of Pennsylvania gibt es dennoch 179 klinische Studien mit 169.370 Patienten, in denen zumindest einige die Medikamente erhalten. Und die Bundesregierung hat zig Millionen Dollar in ein erweitertes Zugangsprogramm für Rekonvaleszenzplasma gesteckt, das fast 100.000 Covid-Patienten infundierte, bevor es belastbare Beweise dafür gab, dass es funktionierte. Im Januar haben diese Studien gezeigt, dass dies zumindest bei Krankenhauspatienten nicht der Fall ist.

Das Fehlen einer zentralisierten Koordination führte dazu, dass viele Studien mit Covid-Virostatika von Anfang an zum Scheitern verurteilt waren – zu klein und schlecht konzipiert, um nützliche Daten zu liefern, so Dr. Janet Woodcock, die amtierende Kommissarin der Food and Drug Administration. Wenn die Regierung stattdessen ein organisiertes Netzwerk von Krankenhäusern eingerichtet hätte, um große Studien durchzuführen und Daten schnell auszutauschen, hätten die Forscher jetzt viel mehr Antworten.

“Ich beschuldige mich bis zu einem gewissen Grad”, sagte Dr. Woodcock, der die Bemühungen der Bundesregierung zur Entwicklung von Covid-Medikamenten überwacht hat.

Sie hofft, das Chaos mit neuen Anstrengungen der Biden-Administration zähmen zu können. In den nächsten Monaten, sagte sie, plane die Regierung, große und gut organisierte Studien für bestehende Medikamente zu starten, die zur Bekämpfung von Covid-19 umfunktioniert werden könnten. “Wir arbeiten aktiv daran”, sagte Dr. Woodcock.

Brandneue antivirale Medikamente könnten ebenfalls helfen, aber erst jetzt stellen die National Institutes of Health eine wichtige Initiative zusammen, um sie zu entwickeln, was bedeutet, dass sie nicht rechtzeitig bereit sind, die aktuelle Pandemie zu bekämpfen.

“Es ist unwahrscheinlich, dass diese Bemühungen im Jahr 2021 Therapeutika liefern”, sagte Dr. Francis Collins, der Leiter des NIH, in einer Erklärung. “Wenn ein Covid-24 oder Covid-30 kommt, wollen wir vorbereitet sein.”

Obwohl die Zahl der Fälle und Todesfälle im ganzen Land gestiegen ist, hat sich die Überlebensrate der Infizierten erheblich verbessert. Eine kürzlich durchgeführte Studie ergab, dass die Sterblichkeitsrate der Krankenhausinsassen bis Juni von 17 Prozent zu Beginn der Pandemie auf 9 Prozent gesunken war, ein Trend, der in anderen Studien bestätigt wurde. Forscher sagen, dass die Verbesserung teilweise auf das Steroid Dexamethason zurückzuführen ist, das die Überlebensraten schwerkranker Patienten erhöht, indem es das Immunsystem unterdrückt, anstatt das Virus zu blockieren. Patienten suchen möglicherweise auch früher im Verlauf der Krankheit Pflege. Und Masken und soziale Distanzierung können die Virusexposition verringern.

Als sich das neue Coronavirus Anfang 2020 als globale Bedrohung herausstellte, versuchten die Ärzte verzweifelt, eine Auswahl bestehender Medikamente zu finden. Die einzige Möglichkeit, festzustellen, ob sie tatsächlich arbeiteten, bestand darin, große klinische Studien durchzuführen, in denen einige Personen Placebos erhielten und andere das betreffende Medikament einnahmen.

Hunderte oder Tausende von Menschen in solche Prozesse zu bringen, war eine enorme logistische Herausforderung. Anfang 2020 beschränkte sich das NIH auf einige vielversprechende Medikamente. Diese Unterstützung führte zur raschen Zulassung von Remdesivir- und monoklonalen Antikörpern. Remdesivir, das die Replikation von Viren in Zellen verhindert, kann die Zeit, die Patienten zur Genesung benötigen, geringfügig verkürzen, hat jedoch keinen Einfluss auf die Mortalität. Monoklonale Antikörper, die das Eindringen des Virus in die Zellen verhindern, können sehr wirksam sein, jedoch nur, wenn sie verabreicht werden, bevor Menschen krank genug sind, um ins Krankenhaus eingeliefert zu werden.

Hunderte von Krankenhäusern und Universitäten begannen ihre eigenen Versuche mit bestehenden Medikamenten, die bereits als sicher und weit verbreitet gelten und möglicherweise auch gegen das Coronavirus wirken. Die meisten dieser Studien waren jedoch klein und unorganisiert.

In vielen Fällen waren die Forscher allein, um Studien ohne die Unterstützung der Bundesregierung oder der Pharmaunternehmen durchzuführen. Im April, als New York City von einer Covid-Welle heimgesucht wurde, hörte Charles Mobbs, Neurowissenschaftler an der Icahn School of Medicine am Mount Sinai, von interessanten Arbeiten in Frankreich, die auf die Wirksamkeit eines Antipsychotikums hinweisen.

Ärzte in französischen psychiatrischen Krankenhäusern hatten festgestellt, dass im Vergleich zu den Mitarbeitern, die sich um sie kümmerten, relativ wenige Patienten an Covid-19 erkrankten. Die Forscher spekulierten, dass die Medikamente, die die Patienten einnahmen, sie schützen könnten. In Laborexperimenten wurde gezeigt, dass eines dieser Medikamente, das Antipsychotikum Chlorpromazin, die Vermehrung des Coronavirus verhindert.

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Jan. 30, 2021, 3:17 ET

Die Ärzte versuchten, einen Versuch mit Chlorpromazin zu beginnen, aber die Pandemie ließ in Frankreich – wie sich herausstellte – vorübergehend nach, als sie fertig waren. Dr. Mobbs verbrachte dann Wochen damit, Vorkehrungen für einen eigenen Versuch mit Patienten zu treffen, die am Berg Sinai im Krankenhaus waren, um dann gegen dieselbe Wand zu stoßen. “Wir haben keine Patienten mehr”, sagte er.

Wenn Ärzte wie Dr. Mobbs landesweite Netzwerke von Krankenhäusern nutzen könnten, könnten sie genügend Patienten finden, um ihre Studien schnell durchzuführen. Diese Netzwerke existieren, wurden jedoch nicht für die Wiederverwendung von Drogen geöffnet.

Viele Wissenschaftler vermuten, dass der beste Zeitpunkt zur Bekämpfung des Coronavirus früh in einer Infektion liegt, wenn sich das Virus schnell vermehrt. Es ist jedoch besonders schwierig, freiwillige Probanden zu rekrutieren, die sich nicht in einem Krankenhaus befinden. Forscher müssen Menschen direkt nach dem positiven Test ausfindig machen und einen Weg finden, ihnen die Testmedikamente zu liefern.

An der University of Kentucky begannen Forscher im Mai mit einem solchen Versuch, ein Medikament namens Camostat zu testen, das normalerweise zur Behandlung von Entzündungen der Bauchspeicheldrüse verwendet wird. Die Wissenschaftler dachten, es könnte auch als antivirales Covid-19 wirken, da es ein Protein zerstört, von dem das Virus abhängt, um menschliche Zellen zu infizieren. Da Camostat eher in Pillenform als als Infusion erhältlich ist, wäre es besonders nützlich für Menschen wie die freiwilligen Probanden, von denen viele in abgelegenen ländlichen Gebieten lebten.

Aber die Forscher haben in den letzten acht Monaten versucht, genügend Teilnehmer zu rekrutieren. Sie hatten Probleme, Patienten zu finden, die kürzlich eine Covid-Diagnose erhalten haben, insbesondere mit dem unvorhersehbaren Anstieg und Abfall der Fälle.

“Dies war die Ursache für die Verzögerungen bei im Wesentlichen allen Studien auf der ganzen Welt”, sagte Dr. James Porterfield, ein Kliniker für Infektionskrankheiten am University of Kentucky College of Medicine. Wer leitet den Prozess?

Während Ärzte wie Dr. Porterfield Schwierigkeiten hatten, selbst Studien durchzuführen, sind einige Medikamente zu Sensationen geworden, die trotz fehlender Beweise als Allheilmittel gelobt werden.

Das erste vermeintliche Allheilmittel war Hydroxychloroquin, ein Medikament gegen Malaria. Fernsehexperten behaupteten, es habe Heilkräfte, ebenso wie Präsident Trump. Anstatt eine große, gut konzipierte Studie in vielen Krankenhäusern zu starten, begannen die Ärzte einen Schwarm kleiner Studien.

“Es gab keine Koordination und keine zentralisierte Führung”, sagte Ilan Schwartz, Experte für Infektionskrankheiten an der Universität von Alberta.

Trotzdem erteilte die FDA dem Medikament eine Notfallfreigabe zur Behandlung von Personen, die mit Covid ins Krankenhaus eingeliefert wurden. Als große klinische Studien endlich Ergebnisse lieferten, stellte sich heraus, dass das Medikament keinen Nutzen brachte – und sogar Schaden anrichten könnte. Die Agentur hat ihre Genehmigung im Juni zurückgezogen.

Viele Wissenschaftler waren verbittert und betrachteten all diese Arbeiten als Verschwendung wertvoller Zeit und Ressourcen.

“Die klare, eindeutige und überzeugende Lehre aus der Hydroxychloroquin-Geschichte für die medizinische Gemeinschaft und die Öffentlichkeit ist, dass Wissenschaft und Politik sich nicht vermischen”, schrieb Dr. Michael Saag von der Universität Alabama in Birmingham im November im New England Journal of Medicine.

Jetzt wird ein anderes Medikament populär, bevor es starke Beweise dafür gibt, dass es wirkt: die parasitentötende Verbindung Ivermectin. Senator Ron Johnson, Republikaner von Wisconsin, der im April Hydroxychloroquin pries, hielt im Dezember eine Anhörung ab, bei der Dr. Pierre Kory über Ivermectin aussagte. Dr. Kory, ein Lungen- und Intensivspezialist am Aurora St. Luke’s Medical Center in Milwaukee, nannte es “effektiv ein” Wundermittel “gegen Covid-19”. Es gibt jedoch keine veröffentlichten Ergebnisse aus groß angelegten klinischen Studien, die solche Behauptungen stützen, sondern nur kleine, suggestive.

Selbst wenn die Bundesregierung ein zentrales Versuchsnetzwerk eingerichtet hätte, wie es jetzt versucht wird, wären Wissenschaftler immer noch mit unvermeidlichen Hürden konfrontiert gewesen. Es braucht Zeit, um sorgfältige Experimente durchzuführen, um vielversprechende Medikamente zu entdecken und dann zu bestätigen, dass es sich wirklich lohnt, sie weiter zu untersuchen.

“In der Arzneimittelentwicklung sind wir an Landebahnen mit einer Laufzeit von 10 bis 15 Jahren gewöhnt”, sagte Sumit K. Chanda, Virologe am Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute in La Jolla, Kalifornien.

Im Februar begannen Dr. Chanda und seine Kollegen eine andere Art der Suche nach einem Covid-19-Antivirusmittel. Sie untersuchten eine Bibliothek mit 13.000 Medikamenten und mischten jedes Medikament mit Zellen und Coronaviren, um festzustellen, ob sie Infektionen gestoppt hatten.

Ein paar Medikamente erwiesen sich als vielversprechend. Die Forscher testeten eine von ihnen – eine billige Lepra-Pille namens Clofazimin – über mehrere Monate und führten Experimente an menschlichem Lungengewebe und Hamstern durch. Clofazimin bekämpfte das Virus bei den Tieren, wenn sie es kurz nach der Infektion erhielten.

Jetzt, fast ein Jahr nach Beginn seiner Forschung, hofft Dr. Chanda, dass er den schwierigsten Teil der Drogentests finanzieren kann: große und randomisierte klinische Studien, die Millionen von Dollar kosten können. Um diese Phase effizient abzuschließen, benötigen Forscher fast immer die Unterstützung eines großen Unternehmens oder der Bundesregierung oder von beidem – wie dies bei den großen klinischen Studien für die neuen Coronavirus-Impfstoffe der Fall war.

Es ist unklar, wie die neuen Drogentestbemühungen der Biden-Regierung entscheiden werden, welche Medikamentenkandidaten unterstützt werden sollen. Wenn die Versuche jedoch in den nächsten Monaten beginnen, könnten sie möglicherweise bis Ende des Jahres nützliche Daten liefern.

Pharmaunternehmen beginnen auch, einige Studien mit wiederverwendeten Arzneimitteln zu finanzieren. Eine in dieser Woche in Science veröffentlichte Studie ergab, dass ein 24 Jahre altes Krebsmedikament namens Plitidepsin 27-mal wirksamer als Remdesivir ist, um das Coronavirus in Laborexperimenten zu stoppen. Im Oktober berichtete ein spanisches Pharmaunternehmen namens PharmaMar über vielversprechende Ergebnisse einer kleinen Sicherheitsstudie mit Plitidepsin. Jetzt bereitet sich das Unternehmen darauf vor, eine Spätstudie in Spanien zu starten, um festzustellen, ob das Medikament im Vergleich zu einem Placebo wirkt.

Der Pharmakonzern Merck führt eine große Studie im Spätstadium mit einer Pille namens Molnupiravir durch, die ursprünglich von Ridgeback Biotherapeutics gegen Influenza entwickelt wurde und nachweislich Frettchen von Covid-19 heilt. Die ersten Ergebnisse der Studie könnten bereits im März vorliegen.

Experten sind besonders gespannt auf diese Daten, da Molnupiravir möglicherweise mehr als nur Covid-19 behandelt. Im April fanden Wissenschaftler heraus, dass das Medikament auch Mäuse behandeln kann, die mit anderen Coronaviren infiziert sind, die SARS und MERS verursachen.

Alle Virostatika, die im Jahr 2021 auftauchen könnten, werden nicht das Leben retten, das Covid-19 bereits verloren hat. Es ist jedoch möglich, dass eines dieser Medikamente gegen künftige Coronavirus-Pandemien wirkt.

Noah Weiland und Katie Thomas haben zur Berichterstattung beigetragen.

Categories
Business

American Airways plans one other $1 billion inventory sale after huge rally

American Airlines Flight 718, the first US Boeing 737 MAX commercial flight since regulators lifted a 20-month primer in November, will take off from Miami, Florida on December 29, 2020.

Marco Bello | Reuters

American Airlines approved the sale of an additional $ 1 billion worth of shares, the airline said in a report filed Friday, to prop up cash as Covid-19 continues to depress demand for travel.

American approved a $ 1 billion stock sale in October and sold $ 882.4 million at $ 12.87 per share. Under the new deal, it would sell up to $ 1.12 billion.

The American decision follows a sharp price rally earlier this week after being featured on the popular WallStreetBets Reddit forum. The airline declined to comment on whether the stock movement was taken into account in its decision. The airline is the most short-circuited US airline.

American stocks fell more than 5% to $ 17.17 on Friday but ended the week 8.5%. Other airline stocks fell this week.

American and Southwest Airlines each reported record losses for 2020 on Thursday. US airlines lost around $ 34 billion last year.

Categories
Health

Why complaints about docs are falling regardless of pressured system

The American healthcare system may buckle under the weight of the coronavirus pandemic, but one number is inexplicably falling.

Disciplinary measures against doctors fell sharply in the first nine months of 2020. The National Practitioner Data Bank, a federal registry of health professionals and institutions, has recorded 4,393 reports of adverse behavior against doctors. Compared to 5,225 reports over the same period in 2019, that’s a decrease of nearly 16%, the U.S. Department of Health told CNBC.

The total includes 3,752 actions taken by government regulatory agencies, compared to 4,521 in the same period in 2019. Also in 2020, 641 doctors had limited or suspended their clinical privileges through September, compared to 704 in the same period last year.

The reasons for the decline are unclear. The pandemic forced widespread delays in non-Covid proceedings. In one study, more than 28 million elective surgeries were delayed or canceled in 2020. Patient advocates also point to the shortage of doctors during the pandemic, the crushes of critically ill patients, and even the heroic status of healthcare workers serving on the front lines of the crisis.

The president of the Federation of State Medical Boards denied that the shortage of doctors was a factor in states taking fewer measures against doctors over the past year.

“The guiding light, our north star, is the protection of the public,” said Dr. Humayun Chaudhry told USA Today in September. “It’s the facts of the complaint and the case. The problem of the workforce is not taken into account in individual cases.”

However, the decline in reports to the National Practitioner Data Bank almost certainly doesn’t mean the problem physicians’ problem is gone, patient safety experts say, despite extensive reforms in recent years.

“The mechanism is there. Indeed, it is required. And yet it does not work,” said Dr. Lucian Leape, Professor of Retired Health Policy at the Harvard School of Public Health.

Leape, whose 1994 publication “Error in Medicine” is widely recognized as revolutionizing the profession’s approach to medical errors, founded the Lucian Leape Institute, a think tank to improve patient safety.

Leape told CNBC’s American Greed that despite numerous safeguards – such as requiring incidents to be reported to the database and doctors being certified and assessed regularly – there are still too many incentives to maintain the status quo.

“Even if you get it right,” he said, “people fight back viciously because their livelihoods are at stake. And that’s a deterrent. Nobody wants to spend their time in court defending the fact that they’re doing this Guy asked to go. “

Activate ‘Dr. Death’

Leape is quick to point out that problem physicians are a tiny part of the profession. However, their effects can be catastrophic.

Neurosurgeon Christopher Duntsch, who came to be known as “Dr. Death,” was able to practice in at least four Texas hospitals over a period of three years, despite dozens of botched surgeries and two patient deaths. In 2017, a Texas judge sentenced 49-year-old Duntsch to life imprisonment for deliberately injuring an elderly person.

This photo from the Dallas County Jail shows Christopher Duntsch. A Texas jury found the neurosurgeon guilty on Tuesday, February 14, 2017 of mutilating patients who had turned to him for surgery to fix debilitating injuries.

Dallas County Jail via AP

The patient, 74-year-old Mary Efurd, became paraplegic after Duntsch botched her spinal surgery. Fellow surgeon Robert Henderson, who took care of Efurd after the incident, told CNBC’s American Greed that the complications were so severe that he wondered if Duntsch was really a doctor.

“I couldn’t imagine someone taking an anatomy class in medical school doing so much harm,” said Henderson.

In fact, Duntsch had an extensive and real resume, including a medical degree from the University of Tennessee at Memphis and a prestigious scholarship in spinal surgery.

Duntsch did not respond to several American Greed requests for comment.

Prosecutors said Duntsch could stay active that long because of the many cracks in a system designed to root out bad doctors. Alleged safeguards include a requirement to report incidents to the National Practitioner Data Bank, which Congress set up specifically in 1986 to prevent problem doctors from moving from hospital to hospital.

Two days after a committee at Baylor Plano Hospital in Dallas found that Duntsch had violated his standard of care in two botched operations, Duntsch simply resigned instead of being discharged. A fire would have been reported to the database. There was no resignation.

The hospital has since changed its name to Baylor Scott & White Health. Spokeswoman Jennifer McDowell declined to go into details of the case.

“Dr. Duntsch, who started his career in North Texas with impressive references and excellent referrals, ended up hurting families, employees, and the trust we all have in doctors,” McDowell said in an email. “Out of respect for the affected patients and families and the privilege of a number of details, we will continue to limit our comments. There is nothing more important to us than serving our community through high-quality, trustworthy healthcare.”

In another case, Dallas Medical Center granted Duntsch temporary privileges. He wasn’t hired. The reporting requirements for the database only apply to employees.

“Everyone knows when to get in touch, and no one likes breaking someone’s reputation,” said Michelle Shugart, Dallas County’s assistant district attorney who prosecuted Duntsch. “And so they are using these little techniques to find ways to avoid reporting someone.”

In a statement to American Greed, Dallas Medical Center spokesman Vince Falsarella said the facility had been in new ownership since Duntsch’s time there.

“The administration that existed at that time is no longer in the hospital,” he wrote. “Dallas Medical Center has a thorough physician certification process in place that meets all industry standards, best practices, and guidelines and regulations from the National Practitioner Data Bank to ensure the safety of our patients.”

Another hospital, the Legacy Surgical Center in Frisco, north of Dallas, said it had changed hands since Duntsch began practicing there. The fourth, University General in Houston, has closed.

None of the hospitals have been charged with criminal misconduct. The Texas Department of Health fined Baylor Plano $ 100,000 for violating the state’s administrative law in 2014, but subsequently overturned the finding without explanation.

Shugart believes some facilities were motivated by something more sinister than just avoiding the hassle of reporting a bad doctor.

“Neurosurgeons are one of the most lucrative aspects of the hospital business,” she said. “The financial incentives are a big part of what drives him and the people around him.”

Leape, the patient safety expert, said bad doctors don’t operate alone.

“These people have enablers,” he said. “This neurosurgeon didn’t take his patients out of thin air. Doctors refer patients. Neurosurgeons receive their patients from other doctors.”

Attention patient

To make matters worse, patients have few options to see a doctor in advance. The National Practitioner Database is confidential to the general public – you can find out the number of complaints, but not the doctors or institutions behind them.

For this reason, Leape believes it is important for patients who have had a bad experience with a doctor to report it.

“You need to make some noise,” he said. “You should go to the board of directors of the hospital and say, ‘You have to do something about this person’.”

Ultimately, Leape believes the rules need to be tightened. He advocates a federal patient safety agency to enforce standards and remove bad doctors, rather than the current patchwork of state regulators and hospital committees.

“We ask people to regulate their own profession and regulate themselves, and people just can’t,” he said.

Leape said hospitals – large chains in particular – have begun to prioritize patient safety. But he said that consciousness can only go so far.

“The systems are only as good as the people in them,” he said. “Systems work when people make them work.”

See how Christopher Duntsch got the nickname “Dr. Death” and how he got away with it for so long. Check out a NEW American Greed on Monday, February 1st at 10pm ET / PT on CNBC only.